1953
DOI: 10.1021/ja01104a022
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The Relation between the Absorption Spectra and the Chemical Constitution of Dyes. XXVI. Effect of Solvent and of Temperature on the cis—trans Isomerization of Azo Dyes

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Cited by 36 publications
(13 citation statements)
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“…rotation, inversion, concerted inversion), 13,14,40,41 an increase in dipole character (or resonance) lowers the activation barrier for thermal relaxation. The rates are also solvent dependent, with many derivatives exhibiting an increase in thermal rate with increasing polarity, 16,30,36,37,42 although sometimes the opposite behaviour is observed. 43,44 Thermal rates are enhanced at low pH where protonation at the azo moiety reduces the activation barrier.…”
Section: Modifying Photoswitching Wavelengths and Thermal Relaxation mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…rotation, inversion, concerted inversion), 13,14,40,41 an increase in dipole character (or resonance) lowers the activation barrier for thermal relaxation. The rates are also solvent dependent, with many derivatives exhibiting an increase in thermal rate with increasing polarity, 16,30,36,37,42 although sometimes the opposite behaviour is observed. 43,44 Thermal rates are enhanced at low pH where protonation at the azo moiety reduces the activation barrier.…”
Section: Modifying Photoswitching Wavelengths and Thermal Relaxation mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At room temperature, this thermal relaxation occurs within 3 to 4 days for unmodified azobenzenes,214 but depends strongly on different parameters. As a dipolar character for the transition state of the isomerization has been proposed,216 increased solvent polarity shortens the half‐life time for thermal relaxation 217219. A low pH value also accelerates the thermal isomerization, as protonation of the azo bond lowers the activation barrier 220.…”
Section: Reversible Photoswitchingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3.5 . [217][218][219] Ebenso wird die thermische Isomerisierung durch niedrigen pH beschleunigt, da eine Protonierung der Azobindung die Aktivierungsbarriere erniedrigt. Da sich die UV/Vis-Spektren beider Spezies deutlich überlagern, ist eine vollständige Überführung von trans zu cis photochemisch nicht mçglich, und in der Regel wird durch Bestrahlung ein photostationärer Zustand mit nicht mehr als 80 % cis er-zeugt.…”
Section: Von Azobenzol Abgeleitete Photoschalterunclassified
“…Da der Übergangszustand der Isomerisierung einen dipolaren Charakter aufweist, [216] verkürzt eine hohe Polarität des Lçsungsmittels die Halbwertszeit für die thermische Relaxation. [217][218][219] Ebenso wird die thermische Isomerisierung durch niedrigen pH beschleunigt, da eine Protonierung der Azobindung die Aktivierungsbarriere erniedrigt. [220] Elektronengebende und/oder elektronenziehende Gruppen in para-Position stabilisieren durch Verringerung des N = N-Doppelbindungscharakters den Übergangszustand und führen somit zu einer beschleunigten Relaxation.…”
Section: Von Azobenzol Abgeleitete Photoschalterunclassified