The relation between the cyberhate and cyberbullying experiences of adolescents in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia

Bedrošová, Marie; Macháčková, Hana; Šerek, Jan; Ŝmahel, David; Blaya, Catherine

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107013

Cited by 37 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Sharing conceptual similarities, it is not surprising that initial research revealed an overlap between both phenomena (Wachs, Wright & Vazsonyi, 2019). However, empirical evidence supported the assumption that both phenomena present speciﬁc distinguishable constructs, which share common correlates but also exhibit others that are distinct (Bedrosova et al, 2022). The present study aimed to deepen current knowledge by investigating moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration, both of which have been shown to be relevant to the perpetration of cyberbullying.…”

Section: Definition Of Online Hate Speech and Differentiation From Cy...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech among adolescents: Testing moderation effects of moral disengagement and empathy.

Wachs¹,

Bilz²,

Wettstein³

et al. 2022

Psychology of Violence

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Objective: The open expression of hatred, hostility, and violence against minorities has become a common online phenomenon. Adolescents are at particular risk of being involved in different hate speech roles (e.g., witness, perpetrator). However, the correlates of their involvement as perpetrators and the mechanisms that might explain their involvement in hate speech across different roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. To this end, this study investigates moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration and the moderation effects of empathy and moral disengagement in the relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech. Method: The sample consists of 3,560 7th to 9th graders from 40 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were utilized to assess online hate speech involvement, moral disengagement, and empathy. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that moral disengagement and witnessing online hate speech were positively associated with online hate speech perpetration, while empathy was negatively associated with it. The findings also showed that the positive relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was stronger at higher levels of moral disengagement and weaker when moral disengagement was low. The association between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was weaker when adolescents had higher rather than lower levels of empathy. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for prevention efforts to accelerate moral engagement and empathy as critical future directions in hate speech prevention. This study also contributes to our understanding of underlying mechanisms that explain adolescents’ involvement across different roles in hate speech.

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Section: Definition Of Online Hate Speech and Differentiation From Cy...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech among adolescents: Testing moderation effects of moral disengagement and empathy.

Wachs¹,

Bilz²,

Wettstein³

et al. 2022

Psychology of Violence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nevertheless, other scholars have only partially confirmed these results. For example, Bedrosova et al ( 2022 ), who analyzed these aspects with samples of adolescents in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia, found that friendship support was negatively related to cyberhate in the Czech Republic and Poland, but not in Slovakia and, even more surprisingly, friendship support was negatively related to cyberbullying only in the Czech Republic. Similar results were found by Kaakinen et al ( 2018 ) who analyzed, with samples of American, British, German and Finnish adolescents and young adults, how cognitive social capital in the offline context (i.e., trust and sense of belonging in a group of friends) influences cyberhate victimization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is related to two main factors: firstly, the amount of online hate material (such as hateful messages and, more in general, content that harm the reputation of or instigate violence against groups or individual as member of groups) is rapidly increasing, and the risk for adolescents to be exposed to hateful online material is increasing accordingly (Hawdon et al, 2019 ; Harriman et al, 2020 ); secondly, adolescents are becoming one of the preferred target for online recruitment by organized hate groups and individuals (Smith, 2009 ; Costello et al, 2020 ). Similar to cyberbullying, several authors consider cyberhate as a subset of cyber-aggression (Mardianto et al, 2019 ; Tennakoon, 2021 ; Bedrosova et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, cyberbullying is the most frequent form of cyber-aggression involving adolescents, while cyberhate is the form of cyber-aggression that is spreading most rapidly among young people. Furthermore, the two phenomena are not totally distinct, rather there are some overlaps between them (Goerzig et al, 2019 ; Bedrosova et al, 2022 ). However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no approach addressing cyberbullying and cyberhate as two distinct but interlinked phenomena which makes it hard to evaluate them in empirical research settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyberbullying and Cyberhate as Two Interlinked Instances of Cyber-Aggression in Adolescence: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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In this paper we present the results of a systematic review aimed at investigating what the literature reports on cyberbullying and cyberhate, whether and to what extent the connection between the two phenomena is made explicit, and whether it is possible to identify overlapping factors in the description of the phenomena. Specifically, for each of the 24 selected papers, we have identified the predictors of cyberbullying behaviors and the consequences of cyberbullying acts on the victims; the same analysis has been carried out with reference to cyberhate. Then, by comparing what emerged from the literature on cyberbullying with what emerged from the literature on cyberhate, we verify to what extent the two phenomena overlap in terms of predictors and consequences. Results show that the cyberhate issue related to adolescents is less investigated than cyberbullying, and most of the papers focusing on one of them do not refer to the other. Nevertheless, by comparing the predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying and cyberhate as reported in the literature, an overlap between the two concepts emerges, with reference to: the parent-child relationship to reduce the risk of cyber-aggression; the link between sexuality and cyber-attacks; the protective role of the families and of good quality friendship relationships; the impact of cyberbullying and cyberhate on adolescents' individuals' well-being and emotions; meaningful analogies between the coping strategies put in practice by victims of cyberbullying and cyberhate. We argue that the results of this review can stimulate a holistic approach for future studies on cyberbullying and cyberhate where the two phenomena are analyzed as two interlinked instances of cyber-aggression. Similarly, prevention and intervention programs on a responsible and safe use of social media should refer to both cyberbullying and cyberhate issues, as they share many predictors as well as consequences on adolescents' wellbeing, thus making it diminishing to afford them separately.Systematic Review Registrationhttp://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021239461.

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“…Cyberhate can, however, also be carried out as a single act among strangers. While cyberbullying is targeting often people based on individual characteristics, cyberhate is necessarily directed against people because of actual or assigned memberships to social groups [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Coping Strategies and Cyberhate Involvement: Evidence from Adolescents across Three World Regions

Wachs

Machimbarrena

Wright

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Cyberhate represents a risk to adolescents’ development and peaceful coexistence in democratic societies. Yet, not much is known about the relationship between adolescents’ ability to cope with cyberhate and their cyberhate involvement. To fill current gaps in the literature and inform the development of media education programs, the present study investigated various coping strategies in a hypothetical cyberhate scenario as correlates for being cyberhate victims, perpetrators, and both victim–perpetrators. The sample consisted of 6829 adolescents aged 12–18 years old (Mage = 14.93, SD = 1.64; girls: 50.4%, boys: 48.9%, and 0.7% did not indicate their gender) from Asia, Europe, and North America. Results showed that adolescents who endorsed distal advice or endorsed technical coping showed a lower likelihood to be victims, perpetrators, or victim–perpetrators. In contrast, if adolescents felt helpless or endorsed retaliation to cope with cyberhate, they showed higher odds of being involved in cyberhate as victims, perpetrators, or victim–perpetrators. Finally, adolescents who endorsed close support as a coping strategy showed a lower likelihood to be victim–perpetrators, and adolescents who endorsed assertive coping showed higher odds of being victims. In conclusion, the results confirm the importance of addressing adolescents’ ability to deal with cyberhate to develop more tailored prevention approaches. More specifically, such initiatives should focus on adolescents who feel helpless or feel inclined to retaliate. In addition, adolescents should be educated to practice distal advice and technical coping when experiencing cyberhate. Implications for the design and instruction of evidence-based cyberhate prevention (e.g., online educational games, virtual learning environments) will be discussed.

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The relation between the cyberhate and cyberbullying experiences of adolescents in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia

Cited by 37 publications

References 88 publications

Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech among adolescents: Testing moderation effects of moral disengagement and empathy.

Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech among adolescents: Testing moderation effects of moral disengagement and empathy.

Cyberbullying and Cyberhate as Two Interlinked Instances of Cyber-Aggression in Adolescence: A Systematic Review

Associations between Coping Strategies and Cyberhate Involvement: Evidence from Adolescents across Three World Regions

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