The relation between the specific absorption rate and electromagnetic field intensity for heterogeneous exposure conditions at mobile communications frequencies

Neubauer, Georg; Preiner, P.; Cecil, Stefan; Mitrevski, Niki; Gonter, Johannes; Garn, Heinrich

doi:10.1002/bem.20519

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In future studies, test signals should be as realistic as possible and not simply CWs since the EME Spy 121 currently handles registrations per frequency band differently and takes either the maximum or the minimum exposure [Neubauer et al, 2009]. Due to the use of a logarithmic detector, the EME Spy 121 has a large dynamic range but the contribution of multiple signals in the same frequency band will be underestimated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The ability of the body-worn exposimeters to accurately measure the ambient EMF has been discussed in a number of papers. In broad terms, these either measure response of the RF exposimeter to a standard input signal [Mann et al, 2005;Lehmann et al, 2006;Radon et al, 2006;Knafl et al, 2008;Bornkessel et al, 2010;Lauer et al, 2010], or model the influence of the body [Blas et al, 2007;Iskra et al, 2007Iskra et al, , 2010Bahillo et al, 2008;Joseph et al, 2008;Neubauer et al, 2008Neubauer et al, , 2009Vermeeren et al, 2008Vermeeren et al, , 2010Roderíguez et al, 2011].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calibration and uncertainties in personal exposure measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

Bolte

Zande

Kamer

2011

Bioelectromagnetics

134

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In the past 5 years radiofrequency personal exposure meters have been used to characterize the exposure during daily activities. We found from calibration tests for the 12 frequency bands of the EME Spy 121 exposimeter in a Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic cell and an Open Area Test Site, that these measurements tend to underestimate the actual exposure. Therefore, a maximum frequency-dependent correction factor of 1.1-1.6 should be applied to the electric field. This correction factor consists of three multipliers correcting for calibration, elevation arrival angle, and influence of the body. The calibration correction factor should be determined per exposimeter, as the maximum range of response between exposimeters in a frequency band is 2.4 dB. Since the range of response for different elevation angles could reach 10.2 dB, a strict protocol for wearing the exposimeter during fieldwork should be followed to be able to compare and combine measurements made by different persons in the same microenvironments. Because the influence of the body depends on the azimuth angle of arrival, it may lead to an over- or underestimation. Thus, the body correction factor is an average over the angles and should only be applied in activities involving movement through the full 360° range of random angles of arrival.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration and uncertainties in personal exposure measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

Bolte

Zande

Kamer

2011

Bioelectromagnetics

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, on the 30 simulated exposures, the multiple plane waves induce a higher exposure than the single plane wave in 7% of the samples. It means that the case of the frontal single plane wave exposure is not the worst case as defined in [8][9][10] for the whole body exposure.…”

Section: Normalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), multiple waves spread in the space, and there is a lack of information on the exposure in the case of multiple plane waves. Nevertheless, a few recent papers on this purpose have to be mentioned: [7][8][9][10] deal with the relation between the SAR and the incident electromagnetic field in a case of heterogeneous exposure conditions and [10] presents a statistical study of exposure in a realistic environment and proposes a model to assess the whole body SAR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A surrogate model to assess the whole body SAR induced by multiple plane waves at 2.4 GHz

Kientega¹,

Conil²,

Hadjem³

et al. 2011

Ann. Telecommun.

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The assessment of the exposure to electromagnetic waves is nowadays a key question. Dealing with the relationship between exposure and incident field, most of previous investigations have been performed with a single plane wave. Realistic exposure in the far field can be modeled as multiple plane waves with random direction of arrival, random amplitude, and random phase. This paper, based on numerical investigations, studies the whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) linked to the exposure induced by five random plane waves having uniformly distributed angles of arrival in the horizontal plane, lognormal distributed amplitudes, and uniformly distributed phases. A first result shows that this random heterogeneous exposure generates maximal variations of ±25% for the whole body specific absorption. An important observation is that the exposure to a single plane wave arriving face to the body, used for the guidelines, does not constitute the worst case. We propose a surrogate model to assess the distribution of the whole body SAR in the case of an exposure to multiple plane waves. For a sample of 30 values of whole body SAR induced by five plane waves at 2.4 GHz, this simple approach, considering the resulting SAR as the sum of the SAR induced by each isolated plane wave, leads to an estimated distribution of whole body SAR following the real distribution with a p value of 76% according to the Kolmogorov statistical test.

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“…REAC works with a typical range frequency of 2.4, 5.8, or 10.5 gHz, as selected by the operator for each specific protocol used. A frequency of 10.5 gHz was used in the brain stimulation protocols used in this study, with a specific absorption rate28–30 of 7 μW/kg. REAC treatments have proven efficacy in ameliorating stress-related disorders, depression, and anxiety 20–25.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder with a radioelectric asymmetric conveyor

Mannu¹,

Rinaldi²,

Fontani³

et al. 2011

NDT

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Background:The bipolar spectrum disorders are considered an important and frequent psychiatric problem. The clinical complexity of these illnesses due to the coexistence of depressive and excitative phases is correlated with the global difficulty of adequate treatment; consequently, the prognosis is not optimal. For this reason, in recent years, novel nonpharmacologic physical approaches have been tested for bipolar disorders, with encouraging results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a radioelectric asymmetric brain stimulation device associated with lithium (REAC-lithium) versus previous treatments in subjects with bipolar disorder I or II, evaluated as the number of recurrences compared with the period of illness preceding treatment with REAC-lithium.Methods:The charts of 56 bipolar patients attending our institute were retrospectively evaluated. Treatment with REAC-lithium was administered following the standard Rinaldi-Fontani Institute protocol. Add-on treatments were allowed in the event of manic or depressive recurrence. Eight patients (Group 1) were followed for 30.2 ± 3.0 months, 14 patients (Group 2) were followed for 25.3 ± 3.3 months, 25 patients (Group 3) were followed for 20.3 ± 1.6 months, and nine patients (Group 4) were followed for 16.2 ± 0.5 months.Results:After REAC-lithium treatment, the number of manic and depressive episodes in Group 1 decreased from 2.1 ± 0.6 and 3.0 ± 0.7 to 0.12 ± 0.0 and 0.8 ± 0.4, respectively. In Group 2, the number of manic and depressive episodes decreased from 2.4 ± 0.6 and 3.9 ± 0.7 to 0.14 ± 0.2 and 0.0 ± 0.0, respectively. In Group 3, the number of manic and depressive episodes decreased from 2.6 ± 0.8 and 3.6 ± 0.9 to 0.04 ± 0.0 and 0.0 ± 0.0, respectively. In Group 4, the number of manic and depressive episodes decreased from 2.6 ± 1.1 and 3.7 ± 1.0 to 0.1 ± 0.0 and 0.0 ± 0.0, respectively. All results were statistically significant.Conclusion:REAC showed good efficacy in treating both the manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder, and in the prevention of recurrences/relapses.

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The relation between the specific absorption rate and electromagnetic field intensity for heterogeneous exposure conditions at mobile communications frequencies

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Calibration and uncertainties in personal exposure measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

Calibration and uncertainties in personal exposure measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

A surrogate model to assess the whole body SAR induced by multiple plane waves at 2.4 GHz

Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder with a radioelectric asymmetric conveyor

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