The relation of electric shock and anxiety to level of performance in eyelid conditioning.

Spence, Kenneth W.; Farber, Ilya; Taylor, Elaine N.

doi:10.1037/h0055739

Cited by 62 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Another question is whether greater responsiveness to unconditioned and conditioned stimuli in women was due to greater perceived threat and anticipation in general, since prior studies have shown that threat of shock (Spence et al, 1954) and attentional biases toward threat (Fani et al, 2012) were associated with greater acquisition of conditioned fear. Consistent with this possibility, prior to the conditioning task, women tended to select slightly lower levels of shock and reported marginally more fear of receiving the shock and greater state anxiety although these were nonsignificant trends.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in fear conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder

Inslicht

Metzler

Garcia

et al. 2013

Journal of Psychiatric Research

122

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Background Women are twice as likely as men to develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Abnormal acquisition of conditioned fear has been suggested as a mechanism for the development of PTSD. While some studies of healthy humans suggest that women are either no different or express less conditioned fear responses during conditioning relative to men, differences in the acquisition of conditioned fear between men and women diagnosed with PTSD has not been examined. Methods Thirty-one participants (18 men; 13 women) with full or subsyndromal PTSD completed a fear conditioning task. Participants were shown computer-generated colored circles that were paired (CS+) or unpaired (CS−) with an aversive electrical stimulus and skin conductance levels were assessed throughout the task. Results Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant sex by stimulus interaction during acquisition. Women had greater differential conditioned skin conductance responses (CS + trials compared to CS− trials) than did men, suggesting greater acquisition of conditioned fear in women with PTSD. Conclusions In contrast to studies of healthy individuals, we found enhanced acquisition of conditioned fear in women with PTSD. Greater fear conditioning in women may either be a pre-existing vulnerability trait or an acquired phenomenon that emerges in a sex-dependent manner after the development of PTSD. Characterizing the underlying mechanisms of these differences is needed to clarify sex-related differences in the pathophysiology of PTSD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in fear conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder

Inslicht

Metzler

Garcia

et al. 2013

Journal of Psychiatric Research

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…By attributing drive properties to anxiety, as measured by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS), this variable has been incorporated into the Hullian framework (8). In this context, defense conditioning investigations have indicated that individuals scoring high on the MAS condition faster than low scorers (5,6,7,9). However, a study which utilized classical reward training of the salivary response, a situation relatively void of noxious stimulation, revealed no differences between low anxious (LA) and high anxious (HA) groups (1).…”

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confidence: 99%

Generalization as a function of manifest anxiety and adaptation to psychological experiments.

Mednick¹

1957

Journal of Consulting Psychology

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“…level even in non-stressful situations. Alternatively, Spence, Farber & Taylor (1954) considered the possibility that persons who score high on the MAS are individuals who, though not especially anxious when performing simple familiar tasks, become anxious and over-react emotionally when tested in unusual or stressful situations. According to the first of these views, anxiety is regarded as more or less chronically present in certain individuals.…”

Section: I"-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drive level and reinforcement as variables in paired associate learning of schizophrenics

McKinnon

Singer

1966

Australian Journal of Psychology

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It was postulated that schizophrenics (high anxious Ss) have higher drive level than normals (low anxious Ss). Deductions of differential mance of schizophrenics and normals were tested using groups o 60 Ss in a paired associates (PA) learning situation involving the variables : (a) situational reinforcement (punishment and reward), (b) specificity of reinforcement (generalized and response specific) and (c) complexity of the task. It was found that schizophrenics performed better on simple PA and worse on complex PA than normals of matched learning ability. Punishments facilitated simple PA learning and disrupted complex PA learning compared with rewards, and the effect was most marked for schizophrenics.

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The relation of electric shock and anxiety to level of performance in eyelid conditioning.

Cited by 62 publications

References 15 publications

Sex differences in fear conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder

Sex differences in fear conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder

Generalization as a function of manifest anxiety and adaptation to psychological experiments.

Drive level and reinforcement as variables in paired associate learning of schizophrenics

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