The Relations between Violence Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Secondary Traumatization, Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth and Illness Attribution among Psychiatric Nurses

Zerach, Gad; Shalev, Tal Ben-Itzchak

doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.01.002

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The ProQOL STS subscale claims to exclusively measure helping professionals' PTSD-like symptoms resulting from exposure to client trauma (Stamm 2010), but in the present study it is difficult to differentiate between the PTSD-like symptoms of STS (Figley 1995) and PTSD symptoms from primary trauma. Research with helping professionals rarely measures exposure to primary trauma (Zerach and Shalev 2015) and so it has been little accounted for in the secondary trauma literature. If role-related primary trauma can be confirmed as a predictor of STS in future work, it would highlight a need to delineate measures of STS and PTSD for greater clarity in the construct.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The STS construct focuses only on traumatic stress from indirect exposure to trauma, but it might be possible that threat of harm, or actual harm, to self or a member of the household while fostering could also result in PTSD-like symptoms and STS. Exposure to violence has been found to correlate positively with STS and PTSD scores in psychiatric nurses (Zerach and Shalev 2015) suggesting that delineation of primary and secondary trauma may not be clear-cut. A recent meta-analysis of STS in therapeutic professionals (Hensel et al 2015) concluded that consistent associations with STS were present for occupational exposure to trauma material as well as personal history of trauma.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Secondary Traumatic Stress in Foster Carers: Risk Factors and Implications for Intervention

2019

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Objectives Fostering, a professional or semi-professional role that is in increasing demand, involves potential exposure to material related to children's trauma in a domestic setting. Yet, professional vulnerability to secondary traumatic stress (STS) is under-researched in foster carers, as is the suitability of associated intervention techniques. We therefore investigated incidence of STS and psychological predictors relevant to secondary and primary stress appraisal in UK foster carers. Methods British foster carers (n = 187; 81% female; aged 23-72 years; mean length of experience 9 years) were approached through a range of organizations managing paid foster caring in the UK for a survey study. Self-report measures were obtained on STS, burnout and compassion satisfaction from the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) scale, as well as on primary trauma and variables previously recommended for inclusion in training targeting secondary trauma: empathy, resilience and self-care. Results High levels of STS and burnout were found among foster carers. In multivariate model testing, STS was directly and positively predicted by burnout, compassion satisfaction and primary trauma (R 2 = 0.54, p < 0.001). Resilience, empathy and self-care did not show direct associations with STS, but self-care had a significant indirect effect on STS. Conclusions Findings support the view that STS is a substantial risk factor in foster caring. While self-care is confirmed as a promising factor in intervention, the roles of empathy and resilience are more ambiguous.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Secondary Traumatic Stress in Foster Carers: Risk Factors and Implications for Intervention

2019

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“…Associations between WPV and burnout, turnover intention [26,27], and intention to leave [28] have been described.Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is a syndrome including intrusion, avoidance, and arousal resulting from indirect traumatic exposure in a professional context [29]. A study conducted in Israel showed that psychiatric nurses reported higher levels of STS symptoms compared to community nurses [30]. Another study revealed a high correlation between work-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (due to traumatic stressors such as WPV), STS, and burnout in psychiatric nurses [31].We conducted the present study to investigate the prevalence of WPV and its effects on burnout and STS among mental healthcare nurses in Japan.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is a syndrome including intrusion, avoidance, and arousal resulting from indirect traumatic exposure in a professional context [29]. A study conducted in Israel showed that psychiatric nurses reported higher levels of STS symptoms compared to community nurses [30]. Another study revealed a high correlation between work-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (due to traumatic stressors such as WPV), STS, and burnout in psychiatric nurses [31].…”

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confidence: 99%

Workplace Violence and Its Effects on Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Mental Healthcare Nurses in Japan

Kobayashi

Ishida

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Workplace violence (WPV) in healthcare settings has drawn attention for over 20 years, yet few studies have investigated the association between WPV and psychological consequences. Here, we used a cross-sectional design to investigate (1) the 12-month prevalence of workplace violence (WPV), (2) the characteristics of WPV, and (3) the relationship between WPV and burnout/secondary traumatic stress among 599 mental healthcare nurses (including assistant nurses) from eight hospitals. Over 40% of the respondents had experienced WPV within the past 12 months. A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that occupation and burnout were each significantly related to WPV. Secondary traumatic stress was not related to WPV. Our results suggest that WPV may be a long-lasting and/or cumulative stressor rather than a brief, extreme horror experience and may reflect specific characteristics of psychological effects in psychiatric wards. A longitudinal study measuring the severity and frequency of WPV, work-and non-work-related stressors, risk factors, and protective factors is needed, as is the development of a program that helps reduce the psychological burden of mental healthcare nurses due to WPV. healthcare settings occurs in psychiatric departments, emergency services, polyclinics/waiting rooms, and geriatric units [8].According to a review of WPV in psychiatric wards over the past 20 years, studies of WPV have examined mainly its occurrence rate, risk assessment, and risk management; fewer investigations have assessed the physical and psychological consequences of WPV [2]. WPV may cause not only physical injuries but also psychological impacts, resulting in higher rates of fear or anxiety, anger, insecurity, depression, emotional exhaustion, suicidal thoughts, post-traumatic stress symptoms, guilt, self-blame, and shame [2,8]. The consequences of WPV include decreased job satisfaction, increased intent to leave the organization, and lowered health-related quality of life [2].WPV and its consequences among nurses in Japan have been described [10,[16][17][18][19][20]. Of respondents to previous surveys, 33-47% of the nurses had experienced WPV during the prior 12 months [16][17][18]. The proportion of nurses who experienced physical aggression and verbal abuse was significantly high in psychiatric wards [16]. Another study showed that nurses who had encountered verbal abuse or violence by patients in psychiatry departments had experienced severe psychological impacts such as secondary traumatic stress and low satisfaction with family support [10]. The characteristics of WPV itself in Japan have been evaluated, but few studies have examined the psychological effects of WPV in detail.Burnout is defined as a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed [21]. It is characterized by three dimensions: feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; increased mental distance from one's job or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and reduced pro...

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“…P atient-care providers working in psychiatric hospitals are frequently exposed to verbal threats of violence and at times experience physical attacks resulting in post-traumatic stress. 1,2 In addition, it is not uncommon for them to witness violence between patients or towards other staff members. The stress associated with the latter is known as secondary traumatic stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burnout and Resilience in Psychiatric Hospital Care-givers: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Mediation and Path Analyses

Jacobowitz¹

2018

Public Health Open J

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This study is a re-analysis of the data from an earlier study to examine the predictors of burnout in psychiatric hospital patient care providers. 2 The research question in the original study was related to the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in psychiatric hospital care workers and their relationships to resilience, compassion satisfaction, secondary traumatic stress and burnout. 2 PTSS are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that may or may not reach the level of a clinical Background The role of resilience in mediating burnout in psychiatric hospital care-givers has not been well established in the published research. This study attempted to identify the salient factors associated with the development of burnout, specifically resilience, through a secondary analysis of data collected in a study of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a sample of hospital employees. Methods An analysis of data collected in a correlational study with a convenience sample of 149 care-givers in a psychiatric hospital was performed, comparing the rate of traumatic events (TEs), resilience, confidence, PTSD symptoms (PTSS), secondary traumatic stress, compassion satisfaction, and life events to burnout. The analysis employed multiple linear regression, mediation analysis and path analysis. Results It was observed that episodes of trauma stress, resilience and compassion satisfaction, combined, robustly predict burnout (explained variance=65%), but that each variable is a weak predictor. In addition, resilience was not related to trauma and stress and did not mediate burnout. This finding presents a paradigm suggesting that there may be two distinctly separate pathways affecting burnout, one involving traumatic stress and the other-resilience and compassion satisfaction. Conclusion The effect of resilience in the development of burnout may be limited to its relationship to role satisfaction (compassion satisfaction) and unrelated to traumatic stress.

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The Relations between Violence Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Secondary Traumatization, Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth and Illness Attribution among Psychiatric Nurses

Cited by 57 publications

References 44 publications

Secondary Traumatic Stress in Foster Carers: Risk Factors and Implications for Intervention

Secondary Traumatic Stress in Foster Carers: Risk Factors and Implications for Intervention

Workplace Violence and Its Effects on Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Mental Healthcare Nurses in Japan

Burnout and Resilience in Psychiatric Hospital Care-givers: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Mediation and Path Analyses

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