The relationship between age and cognitive impairment in HIV‐1 infection

Gorp, Wilfred G. van; Miller, Eric N.; Marcotte, Thomas D.; Dixon, William G; Paz, Diana Berenice; Seines, Ola A.; Wesch, Jerry; Becker, James T.; Hinkin, Charles H.; Mitrushina, Maura; Satz, Paul; Weisman, J. D.; Buckingham, Stephan L.; Stenquist, P. K.

doi:10.1212/wnl.44.5.929

Cited by 60 publications

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“…Hence, more severe disease (lower CD4 and higher viral burden) was associated with greater BOLD signals in primarily regions that showed a greater attentional or load effect in HIV (see Fig 3). Similarly, inverse correlations between activated BOLD signals and NPZ-8 were found in several right frontal regions (inferior frontal gyrus [48,6,15 …”

Section: Correlations Between Activated Blood Oxygen Level Dependent mentioning

confidence: 82%

Adaptation of the attention network in human immunodeficiency virus brain injury

Chang

Tomasi

Yakupov

et al. 2004

Annals of Neurology

122

111

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients commonly have attention and concentration problems. However, it remains unclear how HIV infection affects the attention network. Therefore, blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) was performed in 36 subjects (18 HIV and 18 seronegative [SN] controls) during a set of visual attention tasks with increasing levels of attentional load. Compared with SN controls, HIV subjects showed similar task performance (accuracies and reaction times) but decreased activation in the normal visual attention network (dorsal parietal, bilateral prefrontal, and cerebellar regions) and increased activation in adjacent or contralateral brain regions. Cognitive performance (assessed with NPZ-8), CD4, and viral load all correlated with activated BOLD signals in brain regions that activated more in HIV subjects. Furthermore, HIV subjects activated more than SN controls in brain regions that showed load-dependent increase in activation (right prefrontal and right parietal regions) but less in regions that showed a saturation effect with increasing load. These findings suggest that HIV-associated brain injury leads to reduced efficiency in the normal attention network, thus requiring reorganization and increased usage of neural reserves to maintain performance during attention-requiring tasks. Exceeding the brain reserve capacity may lead to attention deficits and cognitive impairment in HIV patients.

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Section: Correlations Between Activated Blood Oxygen Level Dependent mentioning

confidence: 82%

Adaptation of the attention network in human immunodeficiency virus brain injury

Chang

Tomasi

Yakupov

et al. 2004

Annals of Neurology

122

111

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“…CalCAP, which includes four measurements of simple reaction time (RT) and six measures of choice RT, was developed for a study of neuropsychological effects of HIV-1 infection on the CNS [27,42]. Simple and choice RT measures often are viewed as more sensitive than traditional neuropsychological tests for studying the subtle kinds of cognitive changes that may occur in the early stages of many kinds of brain disease [27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychological function in patients with increased serum levels of protein S-100 after minor head injury

1997

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Protein S-100 is a calcium binding protein, synthetized in astroglial cells in all parts of the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously reported high serum levels of protein S-100 in patients after minor head injury (MHI). A battery of conventional and computerized neuropsychological measures was administered to two groups of MHI patients. Neuropsychological outcome at 12 months postinjury was examined in a group of 7 patients with increased serum levels of protein S-100 after MHI and 7 age- and sex-matched controls without detectable S-100 in serum after MHI. Our results demonstrate no overall cognitive dysfunction in either of the two groups. Our findings indicate specific dysfunction on measures of reaction time, attention and speed of information processing for the S-100 group. Posttraumatic depression does not explain the neuropsychological differences between the groups. These findings support that increased serum levels of protein S-100 may be of predictive and prognostic value for longlasting neurocognitive abnormalities after minor head injury. Presence of S-100 in serum may indicate the presence of diffuse brain damage. Our results suggest that information processing measures in computerized neuropsychological assessment are more sensitive for detecting small signs of neurocognitive abnormalities after MHI than conventional test batteries.

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“…For instance, in a large sample from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) with 1,066 HIV-positive adults (mean age=35.8, SD=6.5) and 1,004 HIV-negative adults (mean age=37.3, SD=7.5), van Gorp et al (1994) found little evidence of an interaction between HIV status and age when comparing slopes of performance scores on a variety of standard neuropsychological tests and computerized reaction time tests regressed on age. Of 21 measures, only a single trend emerged, performance in executive function or attention, on the Trail Making Test Part B, became comparatively worse in the HIV-positive group (relative to the HIV-negative group) with advancing age (p=.056).…”

Section: The Interaction Between Hiv and Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neuropsychology of HIV/AIDS in Older Adults

Hardy

Vance

2009

Neuropsychol Rev

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Highly active antiretroviral therapy is allowing increasing numbers of adults to age with HIV. The neuropsychological effects of aging with HIV are reviewed through three types of studies. First, the separate effects of HIV and aging on cognition are examined in studies that compare younger adults with HIV with neurologically normal older adults. Second, studies examine the impact of aging within samples of adults with HIV only. Third, providing the most critical evidence, are studies that assess cognition in younger and older adults with HIV relative to younger and older adults without HIV. In general research findings are inconclusive. Large individual differences among older adults with HIV as well as co-factors (APOE4 and detectable viral load) may account for inconsistent findings in the literature. A subgroup of older adults with HIV may be at greater risk for cognitive impairment, especially in attention functioning.

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The relationship between age and cognitive impairment in HIV‐1 infection

Cited by 60 publications

References 0 publications

Adaptation of the attention network in human immunodeficiency virus brain injury

Adaptation of the attention network in human immunodeficiency virus brain injury

Neuropsychological function in patients with increased serum levels of protein S-100 after minor head injury

The Neuropsychology of HIV/AIDS in Older Adults

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