The relationship between altitude and cyanogenesis in white clover (Trifolium repens, L.)

Araújo, Aldo Mellender de‏

doi:10.1038/hdy.1976.89

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These clines were initially documented as a latitudinal cline across white clover's native range in Eurasia and an altitudinal cline in the Swiss Alps (Daday, 1954a, b). Over the last 60 years, similar clines have been documented elsewhere in the native range of the species (for example, see de Araujo, 1976;Till-Bottraud et al, 1988;Majumdar et al, 2004), as well as in non-native populations worldwide, where white clover has been introduced as a temperate forage crop and lawn plant (for example, Daday, 1958;Ganders, 1990;Kooyers and Olsen, 2012). In a recent study, we have documented an adaptive latitudinal cyanogenesis cline in introduced populations across the central United States, where the AcLi cyanotype frequency increases from B11% in Wisconsin to B86% in southern Louisiana (Kooyers and Olsen, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Previous studies have reported higher frequencies of cyanogenic plants in warmer areas, and latitudinal and altitudinal cyanogenesis clines have been extensively documented in both the native and introduced species range (Daday, 1954a(Daday, ,b, 1958de Araujo, 1976;Till-Bottraud et al, 1988;Ganders, 1990;Majumdar et al, 2004). Here, we have investigated clinal variation in a sampling of introduced North American and New Zealand populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Searching for the bull’s eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Kooyers

Olsén

2013

Heredity

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Searching for the bull's eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) NJ Kooyers 1 and KM OlsenThe recurrent evolution of adaptive clines within a species can be used to elucidate the selective factors and genetic responses that underlie adaptation. White clover is polymorphic for cyanogenesis (HCN release with tissue damage), and climateassociated cyanogenesis clines have evolved throughout the native and introduced species range. This polymorphism arises through two independently segregating Mendelian polymorphisms for the presence/absence of two required components: cyanogenic glucosides and their hydrolyzing enzyme linamarase. Cyanogenesis is commonly thought to function in herbivore defense; however, the individual cyanogenic components may also serve other physiological functions. To test whether cyanogenesis clines have evolved in response to the same selective pressures acting on the same genetic targets, we examined cyanogenesis cline shape and its environmental correlates in three world regions: southern New Zealand, the central United States and the US Pacific Northwest. For some regional comparisons, cline shapes are remarkably similar despite large differences in the spatial scales over which clines occur (40-1600 km). However, we also find evidence for major differences in both the agents and targets of selection among the sampled clines. Variation in cyanogenesis frequency is best predicted using a combination of minimum winter temperature and aridity variables. Together, our results provide evidence that recurrent adaptive clines do not necessarily reflect shared adaptive processes.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Searching for the bull’s eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Kooyers

Olsén

2013

Heredity

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“…Specifically, there is a higher frequency of cyanogenic plants in warmer climates, creating a pattern of climate‐associated clines in both native (Eurasian) and introduced populations around the world. Previous studies have documented latitudinal cyanogenesis clines across Europe (Daday 1954a) and North America (Daday 1958), and altitudinal clines in the Swiss Alps (Daday 1954b), Wales (de Araujo 1976), the French Alps (Till‐Bottraud et al. 1988), the Himalayas (Majumdar et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid evolution of an adaptive cyanogenesis cline in introduced North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

2012

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White clover is polymorphic for cyanogenesis (HCN production after tissue damage), and this herbivore defence polymorphism has served as a classic model for studying adaptive variation. The cyanogenic phenotype requires two interacting biochemical components; the presence/absence of each component is controlled by a simple Mendelian gene (Ac/ac and Li/li). Climate-associated cyanogenesis clines occur in both native (Eurasian) and introduced populations worldwide, with cyanogenic plants predominating in warmer locations. Moreover, previous studies have suggested that epistatic selection may act within populations to maintain cyanogenic (AcLi) plants and acyanogenic plants that lack both components (acli plants) at the expense of plants possessing a single component (Acli and acLi plants). Here, we examine the roles of selection, gene flow and demography in the evolution of a latitudinal cyanogenesis cline in introduced North American populations. Using 1145 plants sampled across a 1650 km transect, we determine the distribution of cyanogenesis variation across the central United States and investigate whether clinal variation is adaptive or an artefact of population introduction history. We also test for the evidence of epistatic selection. We detect a clear latitudinal cline, with cyanogenesis frequencies increasing from 11% to 86% across the transect. Population structure analysis using nine microsatellite loci indicates that the cline is adaptive and not a by-product of demographic history. However, we find no evidence for epistatic selection within populations. Our results provide strong evidence for rapid adaptive evolution in these introduced populations, and they further suggest that the mechanisms maintaining adaptive variation may vary among populations of a species.

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“…Cyanogenesis frequencies also appear to be influenced by aridity, with cyanogenic morphs differentially represented in drier regions [20,21]. Whether primarily shaped by biotic or abiotic factors, the fact that climateassociated cyanogenesis clines have evolved repeatedly in this species-both in native populations [15,16,[22][23][24][25] and in the introduced species range [9,21,26,27]-suggests that the selective forces maintaining this adaptive polymorphism are strong and geographically pervasive.…”

Section: (A) the White Clover Cyanogenesis Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive gains through repeated gene loss: parallel evolution of cyanogenesis polymorphisms in the genusTrifolium(Fabaceae)

Olsen

Kooyers

Small

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Variation in cyanogenesis (hydrogen cyanide release following tissue damage) was first noted in populations of white clover more than a century ago, and subsequent decades of research have established this system as a classic example of an adaptive chemical defence polymorphism. Here, we document polymorphisms for cyanogenic components in several relatives of white clover, and we determine the molecular basis of this trans-specific adaptive variation. One hundred and thirty-nine plants, representing 13 of the 14 species within Trifolium section Trifoliastrum , plus additional species across the genus, were assayed for cyanogenic components (cyanogenic glucosides and their hydrolysing enzyme, linamarase) and for the presence of underlying cyanogenesis genes ( CYP79D15 and Li , respectively). One or both cyanogenic components were detected in seven species, all within section Trifoliastrum ; polymorphisms for the presence/absence (PA) of components were detected in six species. In a pattern that parallels our previous findings for white clover, all observed biochemical polymorphisms correspond to gene PA polymorphisms at CYP79D15 and Li . Relationships of DNA sequence haplotypes at the cyanogenesis loci and flanking genomic regions suggest independent evolution of gene deletions within species. This study thus provides evidence for the parallel evolution of adaptive biochemical polymorphisms through recurrent gene deletions in multiple species.

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The relationship between altitude and cyanogenesis in white clover (Trifolium repens, L.)

Cited by 37 publications

References 9 publications

Searching for the bull’s eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Searching for the bull’s eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Rapid evolution of an adaptive cyanogenesis cline in introduced North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Adaptive gains through repeated gene loss: parallel evolution of cyanogenesis polymorphisms in the genusTrifolium(Fabaceae)

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