The relationship between ambient temperature and fasting plasma glucose, temperature-adjusted type 2 diabetes prevalence and control rate: a series of cross-sectional studies in Guangdong Province, China

Abstract

Background There existed evidence that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence and control rate have seasonal variation. Our study aimed to examine the ambient temperature and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) association and estimate temperature-adjusted T2DM prevalence and control rate. Methods Four cross-sectional health surveys with 26,350 respondents were conducted in Guangdong Province from 2007 to 2015. Multistage cluster sampling was used to recruit study participants. The data of demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, diet and use of hypoglycemic medicine, height, weight, FPG and meteorological information were collected. And an inverse distance-weighted method was employed to estimate daily temperature exposures at the individual’ s residential district/county. Base on World Health Organization 2006 criteria, participants were divided into normal fasting glucose (NFG) participants (n = 23,877), known T2DM patients (n = 916) and newly detected T2DM patients (n = 1557). Generalized additive mixed model was employed to evaluate the nonlinear associations between temperature and FPG among different T2DM subgroups. The T2DM prevalence and control rate were estimated based on temperature-FPG association. Results The curves of temperature and FPG were downward parabola for total, NFG and known T2DM groups, while it was “U”-shaped for newly detected T2DM patients. When temperature decreased from 30 °C to 4 °C, the FPG significantly increased 0.24 (95%CI: 0.15, 0.33) mmol/L, 0.10 (95%CI: 0.06, 0.14) mmol/L and 1.34 (95%CI: 0.56, 2.12) mmol/L in total, NFG and known T2DM groups, respectively. Compared to 19 °C, newly detected T2DM patients’ FPGs were increased 0.73 (95%CI: 0.13, 1.30) mmol/L at 4 °C and 0.53 (0.00, 1.07) mmol/L at 30 °C. The model-estimated temperature-adjusted T2DM prevalence had a down and up trend, with 9.7% at 5 °C, 8.9% at 20 °C and 9.4% at 30 °C, respectively. At 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C, the model-estimated temperature-adjusted T2DM control rates were 33.2, 35.4, 38.2, 43.6, 49.1 and 55.2%. Conclusion Temperature was negatively associated with FPG for NFG and known T2DM subgroups, while their association was U-shape for newly detected T2DM patients. Hence, the temperature-adjusted T2DM prevalence show a dip/peak pattern and T2DM control rate display a rising trend when temperature increase. Our findings suggest temperature should be considered in T2DM clinic management and epidemiological survey.

Seasonal variation of vasopressin and its relevance for the winter peak of cardiometabolic disease: A pooled analysis of five cohorts

“…Furthermore, in the vessels, the V1aR mediates platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction [35,36]. Several cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, lipids, and glucose [8,37], exhibit to a varying degree a seasonal pattern with a peak during winter. Given the physiological effects of VP, increased concentration during winter is concordant with previous observations of an increase in urine concentration [38], elevated plasma glucose and triglycerides [8,37], elevated blood pressure [8], increased hemostasis [9], and elevated cortisol [2] during winter.…”

“…Several cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, lipids, and glucose [8,37], exhibit to a varying degree a seasonal pattern with a peak during winter. Given the physiological effects of VP, increased concentration during winter is concordant with previous observations of an increase in urine concentration [38], elevated plasma glucose and triglycerides [8,37], elevated blood pressure [8], increased hemostasis [9], and elevated cortisol [2] during winter. Lowered VP secretion in winter might thus affect several of these pathways and potentially result in a relevant reduction of incident cardiometabolic disease.…”

Temperature variability increases the onset risk of ischemic stroke: A 10-year study in Tianjin, China

“…This is consistent with previous epidemiological evidence, patients with hypertension (27,28), hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are susceptible to extreme temperature and temperature fluctuations (29), and biochemical indicators such as PC with 95% CI for ischemic stroke onset per 1°C increase in temperature variability at different exposure days, stratified by sex, age, and history of hypertension, DM, hyperlipidemia, Hhcy, CHD, and AF. blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids are poorly controlled and abnormally increased, which may induce the occurrence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases under temperature fluctuations (30)(31)(32)(33). Until now, the underlying molecular biological mechanisms of the harmful effects of temperature changes on ischemic stroke have yet to be explored.…”

Seasonal changes in proportion of cardiac surgeries associated with diabetes, smoking and elderly age

“…In addition to these mechanisms, viral infections [ 26 ] and/or vitamin deficiency [ 27 ] may also be involved. This seasonality is reflected in the high seasonal variation in serum glucose level [ 28 ] and the incidence rate of type 1 [ 26 ] and T2DM [ 29 , 30 ] during the coldest months. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures at admission along with the serum triglyceride was significantly higher the present T2DM cohort in January than July over the 12-year study period (S1 Fig in S1 File ).…”