The Relationship between Biofilm and Physical-Chemical Properties of Implant Abutment Materials for Successful Dental Implants

Abstract

The aim of this review was to investigate the relationship between biofilm and peri-implant disease, with an emphasis on the types of implant abutment surfaces. Individuals with periodontal disease typically have a large amount of pathogenic microorganisms in the periodontal pocket. If the individuals lose their teeth, these microorganisms remain viable inside the mouth and can directly influence peri-implant microbiota. Metal implants offer a suitable solution, but similarly, these remaining bacteria can adhere on abutment implant surfaces, induce peri-implantitis causing potential destruction of the alveolar bone near to the implant threads and cause the subsequent loss of the implant. Studies have demonstrated differences in biofilm formation on dental materials and these variations can be associated with both physical and chemical characteristics of the surfaces. In the case of partially edentulous patients affected by periodontal disease, the ideal type of implant abutments utilized should be one that adheres the least or negligible amounts of periodontopathogenic bacteria. Therefore, it is of clinically relevance to know how the bacteria behave on different types of surfaces in order to develop new materials and/or new types of treatment surfaces, which will reduce or inhibit adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms, and, thus, restrict the use of the abutments with indication propensity for bacterial adhesion.

Biology of soft tissue repair: gingival epithelium in wound healing and attachment to the tooth and abutment surface

“…Microbial colonisation impairs initial wound healing and may lead to chronic inflammation, bone resorption and implant failure (Hickok et al, 2018). Many studies have described the relationship between biofilm and peri-implant disease and investigated the physical-chemical properties of abutment materials with regards to implant success or failure (de Avila et al, 2014). Individuals with periodontal disease typically have many pathogenic microorganisms in the periodontal pocket.…”

“…These remaining bacteria can adhere to the newly placed abutment and implant surfaces, eventually inducing peri-implant mucositis and progression to peri-implantitis, with destruction of the marginal bone close to the implant threads, and often causing subsequent implant loss. Therefore, it is clinically relevant to develop new material surfaces which will reduce or inhibit adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms (de Avila et al, 2014). Soft tissue (epithelium and connective tissue) around dental abutments is elongated as compared to healthy gingiva around the tooth and this is thought to be due to a longer junctional epithelium, which contains fewer hemi-desmosomes (Iglhaut et al, 2014;Parpaiola et al, 2015;Sculean et al, 2014).…”

The impact of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on peri-implant disease: What mechanisms are involved in this novel treatment?

“…This specificity occurs via mechanisms of adherence, i.e., several cell surface structures (especially those proteinaceous and carbohydrate molecules) of different bacterial species can identify receptors in the salivary pellicle, and these structures coat enamel and/or dental implant materials and their prosthetic components. Importantly, the chemical composition of different materials can have a significant impact on biofilm formation [29][30][31], initiating gene expression and determining the bacterial profile of the species adhering to the biofilm. Recently, an in vitro study evaluated the effect of several implant materials in comparison to enamel on bacterial adhesion.…”

In vivo evaluation of cp Ti implants with modified surfaces by laser beam with and without hydroxyapatite chemical deposition and without and with thermal treatment: topographic characterization and histomorphometric analysis in rabbits

“…Considerable advance has been made in understating the mechanisms of protein adsorption as well as in the understanding of cell-material interface to enhance the biological response around dental implants [19][20][21][22]. The process of cell adhesion involves adsorption of proteins to the substrate, contact, and attachment of cells, followed by spreading on the substrate [21].…”

“…The process of cell adhesion involves adsorption of proteins to the substrate, contact, and attachment of cells, followed by spreading on the substrate [21]. Surface chemical composition and surface energy are essential parameters that might have a critical influence on the interaction of biomaterial surfaces with proteins and cells and can influence which proteins are adsorbed [19,20]. The implant surface energy measured by the liquidsolid contact angle and thus related to wettability is another surface characteristic known to affect the biological response to the implant [23].…”