The relationship between biosecurity surveillance and risk analysis.

Macleod, Andrew; Jarrad, Frith; Low‐Choy, Samantha; Mengersen, Kerrie

doi:10.1079/9781780643595.0109

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Ideally, interception information from multiple regions would be integrated to build a more complete picture of the species composition of insects in invasion pathways to identify invasion risk of individual species and higher taxa better. This could facilitate better prediction of species or families of insects that are likely to arrive and establish before they are detected in all individual regions, thus informing the process of pest risk analysis (MacLeod 2015). Such predictions would improve the readiness of regions with fewer resources available to monitor pathways and, in turn, could collectively slow the global spread of invading insects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide border interceptions provide a window into human‐mediated global insect movement

Turner

Brockerhoff

Bertelsmeier

et al. 2021

Ecological Applications

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As part of national biosecurity programs, cargo imports, passenger baggage, and international mail are inspected at ports of entry to verify compliance with phytosanitary regulations and to intercept potentially damaging nonnative species to prevent their introduction. Detection of organisms during inspections may also provide crucial information about the species composition and relative arrival rates in invasion pathways that can inform the implementation of other biosecurity practices such as quarantines and surveillance. In most regions, insects are the main taxonomic group encountered during inspections. We gathered insect interception data from nine world regions collected from 1995 to 2019 to compare the composition of species arriving at ports in these regions. Collectively, 8,716 insect species were intercepted in these regions over the last 25 yr, with the combined international data set comprising 1,899,573 interception events, of which 863,972 were identified to species level. Rarefaction analysis indicated that interceptions comprise only a small fraction of species present in invasion pathways. Despite differences in inspection methodologies, as well as differences in the composition of import source regions and imported commodities, we found strong positive correlations in species interception frequencies between regions, particularly within the Hemiptera and Thysanoptera. There were also significant differences in species frequencies among insects intercepted in different regions. Nevertheless, integrating interception data among multiple regions would be valuable for estimating invasion risks for insect species with high likelihoods of introduction as well as for identifying rare but potentially damaging species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide border interceptions provide a window into human‐mediated global insect movement

Turner

Brockerhoff

Bertelsmeier

et al. 2021

Ecological Applications

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“…Technical information, such as data from national pest surveys and interception records of pests is relevant for pest risk assessment (MacLeod, ; FAO, ). This information may not be publicly available although it could potentially be provided on request.…”

Section: Developing the Quantification Framework For The Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment

Jeger¹,

Bragard²,

Caffier³

et al. 2018

EFS2

243

260

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This Guidance describes a two-phase approach for a fit-for-purpose method for the assessment of plant pest risk in the territory of the EU. Phase one consists of pest categorisation to determine whether the pest has the characteristics of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non-quarantine pest for the area of the EU. Phase two consists of pest risk assessment, which may be requested by the risk managers following the pest categorisation results. This Guidance provides a template for pest categorisation and describes in detail the use of modelling and expert knowledge elicitation to conduct a pest risk assessment. The Guidance provides support and a framework for assessors to provide quantitative estimates, together with associated uncertainties, regarding the entry, establishment, spread and impact of plant pests in the EU. The Guidance allows the effectiveness of risk reducing options (RROs) to be quantitatively assessed as an integral part of the assessment framework. A list of RROs is provided. A two-tiered approach is proposed for the use of expert knowledge elicitation and modelling. Depending on data and resources available and the needs of risk managers, pest entry, establishment, spread and impact steps may be assessed directly, using weight of evidence and quantitative expert judgement (first tier), or they may be elaborated in substeps using quantitative models (second tier). An example of an application of the first tier approach is provided. Guidance is provided on how to derive models of appropriate complexity to conduct a second tier assessment. Each assessment is operationalised using Monte Carlo simulations that can compare scenarios for relevant factors, e.g. with or without RROs. This document provides guidance on how to compare scenarios to draw conclusions on the magnitude of pest risks and the effectiveness of RROs and on how to communicate assessment results.

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“…This is because the number of consignments imported into the EU potentially carrying R. hibisci and the total number of consignments examined is not centrally 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 compiled or linked with interception data, preventing a more meaningful analysis that could explain the reduction in interceptions in recent years. Reports of interception should therefore be interpreted with caution (MacLeod, 2015). Recording inspection and sampling efforts with the number of consignments entering the EU could provide information that would significantly help the interpretation of interception data.…”

Section: Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recording inspection and sampling efforts with the number of consignments entering the EU could provide information that would significantly help the interpretation of interception data. Moreover, it would better inform risk reduction decision-making and would allow the efficacy of the risk reduction options affecting entry to be measured (MacLeod et al, 2005;MacLeod, 2015).…”

Section: Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Ripersiella hibisci

Bragard¹,

Dehnen‐Schmutz²,

Serio³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Ripersiella hibisci (Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae) for the EU. R. hibisci occurs in Japan, China and Taiwan and has spread to the USA: Florida, Hawaii and the territory of Puerto Rico. R. hibisci is a polyphagous mealybug recorded feeding on roots of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Root damage reduces nutrient and water uptake, retards plant growth and may cause leaves to wilt or discolour, heavily infested plants can die. Literature most commonly refers to damage to greenhouse grown potted ornamentals such as Cuphea, Hibiscus, Pelargonium and Phoenix. All life stages occur in the soil and host plants for planting with growing media provide a pathway for eggs, nymphs and adults. Multiple overlapping generations occur in greenhouses each year. R. hibisci is listed in Annex IIA of EU Regulation 2016/2031, appearing with the synonym Rhizoecus hibisci. All plants for planting from third countries are regulated. The import of soil or growing medium attached to plants for planting from third countries (other than Switzerland) is prohibited and therefore reduces the likelihood, but does not prevent entry of R. hibisci, as individuals may remain attached to the roots. There have been interceptions of R. hibisci in the EU, usually on artificially dwarfed plants, i.e. bonsai/penjing. Findings in EU greenhouses have been eradicated. R. hibisci would be able to establish in the EU, greenhouse potted plant production would be most affected. Phytosanitary measures are available to lower the likelihood of introduction. R. hibisci satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. R. hibisci does not meet the criterion of occurring in the EU for it to be regarded as a potential Union regulated nonquarantine pest.

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The relationship between biosecurity surveillance and risk analysis.

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Worldwide border interceptions provide a window into human‐mediated global insect movement

Worldwide border interceptions provide a window into human‐mediated global insect movement

Guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment

Pest categorisation of Ripersiella hibisci

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