The relationship between body dysmorphic concerns and the effects of image suppression: Implications for models of body dysmorphic disorder

Can’t get it out of my mind: A systematic review of predictors of intrusive memories of distressing events.

“…Forty-eight total studies looked at post-event predictors of intrusive memories; 13 of these studies were with clinical samples of some kind. Post-event factors include post-event appraisals and biases (Hagenaars & Arntz, 2012; Kleim, Ehring, & Ehlers, 2012; Newby, Lang, Werner-Seidler, Holmes, & Moulds, 2014; Verwoerd, Wessel, de Jong, & Nieuwenhuis, 2009; Woud, Postma, Dalgleish, & Mackintosh, 2012), rumination (Ball & Brewin, 2012; Ehring, Fuchs, & Klasener, 2009; Ehring, Szeimies, & Schaffrick, 2009; Kubota et al, 2015; Laposa & Rector, 2012; Santa Maria, Reichert, Hummel, & Ehring, 2012; Williams & Moulds, 2007a; Williams & Moulds, 2010; Zetsche et al, 2009), thought suppression and cognitive load (Aikins et al, 2009; Bomyea & Amir, 2011; Bomyea & Lang, 2016; Davies & Clark, 1998b; Geraerts, Hauer, & Wessel, 2010; Gillie, Vasey, & Thayer, 2015; Harvey & Bryant, 1998; Harvey & Bryant, 1999; Nixon et al, 2008; Nixon, Cain, Nehmy, & Seymour, 2009a; Nixon, Cain, Nehmy, & Seymour, 2009b; Nixon & Rackebrandt, 2016; Onden-Lim & Grisham, 2012; Rosenthal & Follette, 2007; Shipherd & Beck, 1999; Shipherd & Beck, 2005; Williams & Moulds, 2007), post-event processing/memory consolidation (Bryant, McGrath, & Felmingham, 2013; Das et al, 2016; Holmes, James, Coode-Bate, & Deeprose, 2009; Holmes, James, Kilford, & Deeprose, 2010; Kindt et al, 2008; Kleim, Wysokowsky, Schmid, Seifritz, & Rasch, 2016; Krans, Naring, Holmes, & Becker, 2009; Luo et al, 2013; Porcheret, Holmes, Goodwin, Foster, & Wulff, 2015; Tabrizi & Jansson, 2016), memory reconsolidation (James et al, 2015; Marks & Zoellner, 2014), vantage perspective (Luo et al, 2013; Williams & Moulds, 2008), and retrieval stress and distress (Cheung, Garber, & Bryant, 2015; Hopwood & Bryant, 2006; Schooler, Dougall, & Baum, 1999). Within this section, clinical studies, if available, will be reviewed first, followed by a review of analogue studies.…”

“…Fittingly, participants with higher HRV who were instructed to suppress reported greater declines in intrusive memories from monitoring to suppression and from monitoring to second monitoring period, which was not true for control participants. Onden-Lim and Grisham (2012) explored thought suppression through the lens of body dysmorphic disorder, and looked at how body image concerns affected intrusive images of a distorted portrait. Participants ( N = 92) listened to an imagined scene that involved becoming aware of a wart on their face in a crowded room, and were then presented with a self-portrait photo that was edited to have a wart on the nose.…”

Embodied crises: cultural narratives, online social networks, and the mirror syndrome

“…According to the patients' narrative enactment of this medical condition, their social and work environment would notice their ugliness and stay away from them. Thus, the fear of missing out, or not belonging to a determined social group contributes to the articulation of a cultural narrative that interferes in their lives, and manifests itself through isolation at home, without going to work, study or attend social events (Phillips, 2008;Dunai et al, 2010;Onden-Lim & Grisham, 2012;Fang et al, 2014;Singh & Veale, 2019). Furthermore, the Mirror Syndrome has been largely under-recognized and underdiagnosed.…”

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors

“…This "defect" is always focused in a given area of the body, such as, nose, hair, freckles, or breasts. Any part of the body can be "chosen"; it can include the presence of unwanted body hair or the body weight or the body shape [4][5][6].…”

“…It is characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance, always focused in a specific body part, as a common example, nose, hair, freckles, or breast size. Any part can or body characteristic can be the focus, including the presence of body hair excess or the body shape as a whole [4][5][6].…”