The relationship between cognitive ability and depression: a longitudinal data analysis

Beaujean, A. Alexander; Parker, Sonia; Qiu, Xiao

doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0668-0

Cited by 38 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…The longitudinal studies without a premorbid neurocognitive assessment have suggested mild trait‐related neurocognitive impairments in youth with MDD because the impairments remained relatively stable and unrelated to illness severity (Bloch et al., ; Peters et al., ; Schmid & Hammar, ). In contrast, the two studies with premorbid assessment did not support the trait model (Beaujean et al., ; Vijayakumar et al., ). These two latter studies by Beaujean et al.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…This is particularly the case for trait‐ versus scar‐related impairments. A growing number of longitudinal studies with repeated neurocognitive assessment have been conducted in young people (Bloch et al., ; Peters et al., ; Schmid & Hammar, ), but only two have assessed neurocognition prior to the onset of MDD (Beaujean et al., ; Vijayakumar et al., ). Longitudinal studies have primarily focused on executive functioning due to the developmental relevance of this domain in adolescence and young adulthood (Anderson et al., ), as well as the established neurobiological and psychological links between executive functions and depression (Snyder, ).…”

Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A limitation of the Beaujean et al. () and Vijayakumar et al. () studies is that only one neurocognitive domain was examined at two time points, thus future longitudinal studies involving assessment of a broader range of neurocognitive functions that are assessed at multiple times should provide further clarification.…”

Section: Evidence Of Pattern Of Neurocognitive Impairment In Mdd Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assessment of premorbid neurocognition and longer follow‐up periods including the impact of relapse would be more informative with respect to possible scar‐related effects. A longitudinal study conducted by Beaujean, Parker, and Qiu () used path modeling to examine the causal relationship between depressive symptoms and vocabulary in a large cohort ( n = 14,322) of adolescents at baseline (mean age of 15 years) and then 8 years later in young adulthood (mean age 22 years). They found that there was a cross‐sectional relationship between depressive symptoms and vocabulary at both time points.…”

Section: Evidence Of Pattern Of Neurocognitive Impairment In Mdd Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar?

et al. 2016

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BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) affects a quarter of adolescents and young adults and is associated with the greatest global burden of disease in this population. There is a growing literature, mostly in adults, showing that significant neurocognitive impairments are common in MDD. It remains unclear whether these impairments are pre‐existing trait markers of MDD, state‐related impairments that fluctuate with depressive symptoms, or ‘scar’ impairments that worsen with illness progression. The aim of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding MDD and neurocognitive impairment in adolescence and young adulthood (ages 12–25 years).MethodExamination of the evidence for neurocognitive deficits as trait, state, and scar features of MDD according to different study designs (family studies, premorbid studies, current depression, remitted depression, and longitudinal studies with repeated assessment) was conducted.ResultsThe few premorbid and family studies conducted in youth provide equivocal evidence for neurocognitive impairments as trait markers of MDD. The presence of state‐based neurocognitive impairment remains unclear as evidence comes mostly from cross‐sectional studies. There are a limited, but growing number of longitudinal studies with repeated neurocognitive assessment in youth. Studies that examined neurocognition prior to the onset of MDD and with long‐term follow‐up provide tentative evidence for neurocognitive scarring.ConclusionNeurocognitive impairment is a feature of MDD in adolescents and young adults. To better understand the nature, timing, and pattern of impairment, longitudinal studies that examine neurocognition before and after the development of full‐threshold MDD, including following recurrence are needed. This knowledge will have important implications for mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of MDD in youth.

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Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence Of Pattern Of Neurocognitive Impairment In Mdd Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence Of Pattern Of Neurocognitive Impairment In Mdd Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar?

et al. 2016

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“…Continuing to test this model within a longitudinal design would aid in understanding the temporal ordering of effects, albeit only an experimental design can properly address casual relations. Additionally, while the marker of depression used by Add Health is an empirically validated adaptation of the CES-D short form (Beaujean et al, 2013; Swallen et al, 2005), the full CES-D includes an item assessing suicidal ideation (Radloff, 1977), which could possibly capture a more comprehensive and/or a more severe picture of depressive symptoms. Finally, although the objective raters were not trained specifically on how to assess participant appearance, literature has supported the validity of using independent raters and shown a degree of consistency globally, even without specific training (Jacobi and Cash, 1994; Langlois et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-perceived vs. actual physical attractiveness: Associations with depression as a function of sexual orientation

Ehlinger

Blashill²

2016

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Objective A commonly held belief about physical attractiveness is that attractive individuals are psychologically healthier than less attractive individuals (i.e., the “beauty is good” stereotype). To date, the data on this stereotype and its relationship with depression is limited, with a paucity of literature comparing subjective and objective appearance evaluations and depressive symptoms. Additionally, there is no known research on this relationship among sexual minorities (i.e., gay and bisexual individuals), a highly vulnerable population. The primary aims of the study were to assess the prediction of depression symptoms by subjective and objective appearance evaluation, and secondary aims were to assess the interaction of subjective and objective appearance with sexual orientation. Method Participants were 4,882 American emerging adults (M age =22 years; 2,253 males, 2,629 females) taken from a U.S. nationally representative dataset (Add Health). Results Increased negative subjective appearance evaluation was associated with elevated rates of depressive symptoms (B = −.27, p < .001), while objective appearance evaluation was not significantly related to depressive symptoms. Sexual orientation significantly moderated the relationship between subjective appearance and depression (B = .19, p = .009), with a stronger positive association between negative appearance evaluation and depressive symptoms noted among sexual minority vs. heterosexual participants. Limitations Limitations include cross-sectional design and self-report nature of questionnaires. Conclusions Findings suggest that the ‘beauty is good’ stereotype may not be valid in regard to depressive symptoms, and that subjective appearance evaluation is a robust predictor of depression, particularly for sexual minority individuals.

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Depression diagnosis based on electroencephalography power ratios

Chang

Choi

2023

Brain and Behavior

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BackgroundDepression is a common mental disorder that impacts millions of people across the world. However, its diagnosis is difficult due to the dependence on subjective testing. Although quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) has been investigated as a promising diagnostic tool for depression, the associated results have proven contradictory. The current study determines whether the alpha/beta (ABR), alpha/theta (ATR), and theta/beta (TBR) ratios can serve as biological markers of depression.MethodsWe used open‐access EEG data from OpenNeuro to investigate power ratios in the resting state of 46 patients with depression and 75 healthy controls. Spectral data were extracted by fast Fourier transform at the theta band (4–8 Hz), alpha band (8–13 Hz), and beta band (13–32 Hz). Neural network, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic accuracies of each suggested index. Additionally, the cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value at the maximized Youden index were compared for each variable.ResultsDecreased anterior frontal, frontal, central, parietal, occipital, and temporal ABR and decreased central and parietal TBR were observed in the depression group. The area under the curve of the ROC curves further revealed that these ratios could all effectively differentiate depression. In particular, the central, frontal, and parietal ABR exhibited high discrimination scores. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the Beck Depression Inventory and Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory scores, as well as the probability of depression, increased with a decrease in the central ABR. Moreover, neural network analysis revealed that the global ABR was the most effective index for diagnosing depression among the three global EEG power ratios.ConclusionsThe central, frontal, and parietal ABR represent potential biomarkers to differentiate patients with depression from healthy controls.

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The relationship between cognitive ability and depression: a longitudinal data analysis

Cited by 38 publications

References 58 publications

Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar?

Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar?

Self-perceived vs. actual physical attractiveness: Associations with depression as a function of sexual orientation

Depression diagnosis based on electroencephalography power ratios

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