The Relationship between COVID-19 and Innate Immunity in Children: A Review

Valentini, Piero; Sodero, Giorgio; Buonsenso, Danilo

doi:10.3390/children8040266

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Our findings consistently demonstrate that most respiratory morbidities decreased substantially during this first year of the pandemic. Thus, our data might be interpreted as support for the recent preliminary proposed explanation that the COVID‐19 virus and its consequences may play a role in the regulation of the immune system and affect the habitat for other respiratory viruses 33,34 . The relatively “sterile” conditions generated during lockdowns and restrictions, might impair the normal process of innate immune memory system training, 34–38 leaving the children in a more vulnerable state.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Thus, our data might be interpreted as support for the recent preliminary proposed explanation that the COVID-19 virus and its consequences may play a role in the regulation of the immune system and affect the habitat for other respiratory viruses. 33,34 The relatively "sterile" conditions generated during lockdowns and restrictions, might impair the normal process of innate immune memory system training, [34][35][36][37][38] leaving the children in a more vulnerable state. This might contribute to the subsequent unexpected rise in morbidities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on respiratory morbidity during infancy: A birth‐cohort study

Rosenfeld

Mandelberg

Dalal

et al. 2022

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Objective: To evaluate the incidence of wheezing and overall respiratory morbidity in healthy infants born during the first peak of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, compared with infants born during the preceding year.Methods: This was a single-center retrospective birth cohort study to compare a cohort of children born between February and March 2020 (COVID-19 group) to a control group of children born between February and March 2019 (pre-COVID-19 group). At 1 year of age, we collected respiratory data using parental and telephone questionnaires. Primary outcome: wheezing incidence and/or bronchodilator use.Secondary outcomes: recurrent wheezing, emergency-room visits, hospital admissions, pneumonia diagnosis, and admissions due to lower-respiratory-tractinfections (LRTI). We included the following covariate risk factors in the logistic regression models; atopy, daycare attendance, breastmilk feeding, parental smoking, C-section, siblings, and gestational age.Results: We enrolled 588 infants, 294 in each group (48% males). Demographic, perinatal, and atopic characteristics were similar between the groups. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 group, infants born during the COVID-19 period were significantly less likely to report wheezing and/or bronchodilator use (adjusted-odds ratio [OR], 0.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.59), systemic steroid use,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on respiratory morbidity during infancy: A birth‐cohort study

Rosenfeld

Mandelberg

Dalal

et al. 2022

Pediatric Pulmonology

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“…Therefore, future research should concentrate on the absolute degree of defense provided by trained immunity. 168 Large randomized BCG vaccination trials are required to substantiate the protective effects of BCG vaccination against COVID-19. 169 It is also necessary to investigate the molecular pathways that inhibit the innate immune cells from reprogramming to a suppressive phenotype in extreme COVID-19 cases.…”

Section: Therapeutic Targeting Of Trained Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prophylactic and therapeutic insights into trained immunity: A renewed concept of innate immune memory

Bindu

Dandapat

Dinesh

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Trained immunity is a renewed concept of innate immune memory that facilitates the innate immune system to have the capacity to remember and train cells via metabolic and transcriptional events to enable them to provide nonspecific defense against the subsequent encounters with a range of pathogens and acquire a quicker and more robust immune response, but different from the adaptive immune memory. Reversing the epigenetic changes or targeting the immunological pathways may be considered potential therapeutic approaches to counteract the hyper-responsive or hypo-responsive state of trained immunity. The efficient regulation of immune homeostasis and promotion or inhibition of immune responses is required for a balanced response. Trained immunity-based vaccines can serve as potent immune stimuli and help in the clearance of pathogens in the body through multiple or heterologous effects and confer protection against nonspecific and specific pathogens. This review highlights various features of trained immunity and its applications in developing novel therapeutics and vaccines, along with certain detrimental effects, challenges as well as future perspectives.

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“…Both vaccines consist of modified RNA that encodes a version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein containing mutations that lock the protein into a conformation that can induce neutralizing antibody responses. Studies have shown that they induce both humoral and cellular immunity [ 29 , 30 ]. Many other vaccines are still under clinical trials.…”

Section: Vaccination As Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

PIMS-TS, the New Paediatric Systemic Inflammatory Disease Related to Previous Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Infection—“Rheumatic Fever” of the 21st Century?

Opoka-Winiarska

Grywalska

Roliński

2021

IJMS

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Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (PIMS-TS) is a new systemic inflammatory disease that mainly affects children. Its course in many features resembles that of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Therefore, it is interesting that the experiences with ARF can be used in the management of patients with PIMS-TS. The aim of the article is to analyse the current data on PIMS-TS in relation to ARF. PIMS-TS and ARF are associated with an abnormal immune response to specific pathogens (SARS-CoV-2 and group A streptococcus, respectively). The main symptoms of both diseases are fever and cardiac involvement. Current therapy for PIMS-TS is based on anti-inflammatory treatment: intravenous immunoglobulin (first-line), intravenous glucocorticoids (second-line), or biological therapy (third-line; including interleukin [IL]-1 antagonists, IL-6 receptor blockers, and anti-tumour necrosis factor agents). Vaccination might be good prophylaxis, but the efficacy and safety of the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have not yet been established in children. Interesting insights may be gained by considering PIMS-TS in light of what is known of ARF due to their similar courses, but there are still many unanswered questions surrounding this disease and its pathogenesis.

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The Relationship between COVID-19 and Innate Immunity in Children: A Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 64 publications

The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on respiratory morbidity during infancy: A birth‐cohort study

The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on respiratory morbidity during infancy: A birth‐cohort study

Prophylactic and therapeutic insights into trained immunity: A renewed concept of innate immune memory

PIMS-TS, the New Paediatric Systemic Inflammatory Disease Related to Previous Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Infection—“Rheumatic Fever” of the 21st Century?

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