The Relationship Between Cultural Practices and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Activity in Orchards Under Different Management Systems.

Rutto, Kipkoriony L.; Mizutani, Fusao; Moon, Doo Gyung; Kadoya, Kazuomi

doi:10.2503/jjshs.71.601

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Repeated Kocide applications did not alter mycorrhizal fungi colonization of plant roots, a finding consistent with reports demonstrating that non-nano copper-based fungicides, including copper oxychloride [Cu 2 (OH) 3 Cl, Sugavanam et al, 1994 ; Hernández-Dorrego and Mestre-Parés, 2010 ], Cu(OH) 2 ( Graham et al, 1986 ; Baijukya and Semu, 1998 ; Rutto et al, 2002 ), and copper sulfate ( Nemec, 1980 ), do not impact mycorrhizal colonization. Overall, these results are consistent with the fact that mycorrhizal fungi have been found to be resistant to metal contamination and are involved in the alleviation of metal toxicity for plants, as evidenced by high mycorrhizal colonization rates in plants grown in metal-contaminated agricultural soils ( Leyval et al, 1997 ; Jentschke and Godbold, 2000 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Plant and Microbial Responses to Repeated Cu(OH)2 Nanopesticide Exposures Under Different Fertilization Levels in an Agro-Ecosystem

et al. 2018

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The environmental fate and potential impacts of nanopesticides on agroecosystems under realistic agricultural conditions are poorly understood. As a result, the benefits and risks of these novel formulations compared to the conventional products are currently unclear. Here, we examined the effects of repeated realistic exposures of the Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide, Kocide 3000, on simulated agricultural pastureland in an outdoor mesocosm experiment over 1 year. The Kocide applications were performed alongside three different mineral fertilization levels (Ambient, Low, and High) to assess the environmental impacts of this nanopesticide under low-input or conventional farming scenarios. The effects of Kocide over time were monitored on forage biomass, plant mineral nutrient content, plant-associated non-target microorganisms (i.e., N-fixing bacteria or mycorrhizal fungi) and six soil microbial enzyme activities. We observed that three sequential Kocide applications had no negative effects on forage biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization or soil nitrogen fixation rates. In the Low and High fertilization treatments, we observed a significant increase in aboveground plant biomass after the second Kocide exposure (+14% and +27%, respectively). Soil microbial enzyme activities were significantly reduced in the short-term after the first exposure (day 15) in the Ambient (-28% to -82%) and Low fertilization (-25% to -47%) but not in the High fertilization treatment. However, 2 months later, enzyme activities were similar across treatments and were either unresponsive or responded positively to subsequent Kocide additions. There appeared to be some long-term effects of Kocide exposure, as 6 months after the last Kocide exposure (day 365), both beta-glucosidase (-57% in Ambient and -40% in High fertilization) and phosphatase activities (-47% in Ambient fertilization) were significantly reduced in the mesocosms exposed to the nanopesticide. These results suggest that when used in conventional farming with high fertilization rates, Kocide applications did not lead to marked adverse effects on forage biomass production and key plant–microorganism interactions over a growing season. However, in the context of low-input organic farming for which this nanopesticide is approved, Kocide applications may have some unintended detrimental effects on microbially mediated soil processes involved in carbon and phosphorus cycling.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Plant and Microbial Responses to Repeated Cu(OH)2 Nanopesticide Exposures Under Different Fertilization Levels in an Agro-Ecosystem

et al. 2018

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“…It is well known that most orchard tree species have symbioses with AMF ( 4 , 5 , 12 , 29 , 30 , 32 ). Orchard soil often contains an excess amount of fertilizer components, especially phosphorus, because of repeated fertilization ( 7 , 25 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In orchard environments, Youpensuk et al ( 42 ) found that AMF root colonization rates and spore densities were significantly decreased in a tangerine ( Citrus reticulate ) orchard containing more than 500 mg P kg −1 of available P in soil. Rutto et al ( 32 ) analyzed the effects of some cultural practices on AMF in various orchards and showed that excessive fertilization had adverse effects on AMF colonization and their spore populations. Thus, it is considered that AMF symbiosis is not fully utilized in plant cultivations in many orchards with excessive fertilization.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Sod culture is a cultivation method to manage orchards with herbaceous plants ( 35 ). Rutto et al ( 32 ) found that the AMF colonization level and spore population in peach ( Prunus persica Batsch) trees in sod culture were higher than those without cover plants, which suggested that sod culture may be effective to increase AMF colonization in orchard trees.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Communities of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Japanese pear) and an Understory Herbaceous Plant Plantago asiatica

et al. 2013

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We investigated communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the fine roots of Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta, and Plantago asiatica to consider the relationship between orchard trees and herbaceous plants in AMF symbioses. The AMF communities were analyzed on the basis of the partial fungal DNA sequences of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA), which were amplified using the AMF-specific primers AML1 and AML2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the obtained AMF sequences were divided into 23 phylotypes. Among them, 12 phylotypes included AMF from both host plants, and most of the obtained sequences (689/811) were affiliated to them. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the host plant species did not have a significant effect on the distribution of AMF phylotypes, whereas the effects of sampling site, soil total C, soil total N and soil-available P were significant. It was also found that the mean observed overlaps of AMF phylotypes between the paired host plants in the same soil cores (27.1% of phylotypes shared) were significantly higher than the mean 1,000 simulated overlaps (14.2%). Furthermore, the same AMF sequences (100% sequence identity) were detected from both host plants in 8/12 soil cores having both roots. Accordingly, we concluded that Py. pyrifolia and Pl. asiatica examined shared some AMF communities, which suggested that understory herbaceous plants may function as AMF inoculum sources for orchard trees.

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“…Recent orchard studies have focused on only the faunal component of soil communities and their relationship to N mineralization rates in an attempt to characterize the biological community response to management practices (Forge et al, 2003). Although the soil microbial community plays a central role in nutrient cycling, few studies have examined the effects of OFM practices on soil microbial communities (Goh et al, 2001;Oved et al, 2001;Rutto et al, 2002;Yao et al, 2005). Therefore, our approach is to investigate OFM systems in relation to soil food web structure and function with a primary focus on the status and dynamics of N fertility.…”

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confidence: 99%

In Search of Key Soil Functions to Assess Soil Community Management for Sustainable Sweet Cherry Orchards

Moore‐Kucera¹,

Azarenko²,

Brutcher³

et al. 2008

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Organic growers are required to maintain or improve soil chemical, biological, and physical properties and thus need to integrate biological processes into fertility management. However, few guidelines exist for satisfying tree nutrient demands ecologically. Sound nitrogen (N) management is a key component for overall orchard productivity whereas poor N management may result in multiple environmental impacts, including runoff to surface or leaching to groundwater sources. Many growers substitute synthetic inputs with rapid-release, approved N fertilizers that have little effect on long-term soil health and fertility. The authors seek an alternative approach for synchronizing nutrient availability with tree demand that relies on managing soil biological communities to attain their maximum potential functionality and thus meet tree nutrient demand. This paper outlines a new conceptual framework with which to evaluate a variety of soil functions that are quantified using biological, microbial, and biochemical properties in relation to overall orchard performance. By combining information gathered from soil faunal indices (nematode community structure and diversity analyses) with data obtained by biochemical and microbial analyses of the soil samples, a new, in-depth view of soil communities and their response to management practices will be obtained. As a result, a better understanding of the effects of differing management practices on soil fertility and community structure will be gained. This approach is currently being investigated by our group in organic and integrative sweet cherry orchards. Our goal is to determine which soil parameters may be used to help orchardists optimize soil health while maintaining orchard productivity. Furthermore, we wish to validate a number of assumptions that are commonly made regarding each soil parameter tested across multiple management, soil, and climate types.

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The Relationship Between Cultural Practices and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Activity in Orchards Under Different Management Systems.

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Plant and Microbial Responses to Repeated Cu(OH)2 Nanopesticide Exposures Under Different Fertilization Levels in an Agro-Ecosystem

Plant and Microbial Responses to Repeated Cu(OH)2 Nanopesticide Exposures Under Different Fertilization Levels in an Agro-Ecosystem

Communities of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in <i>Pyrus pyrifolia</i> var. <i>culta</i> (Japanese pear) and an Understory Herbaceous Plant <i>Plantago asiatica</i>

In Search of Key Soil Functions to Assess Soil Community Management for Sustainable Sweet Cherry Orchards

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