The relationship between depression and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta‐analysis of observational studies

Moradi, Yousef; Albatineh, Ahmed N.; Mahmoodi, Hassan; Gheshlagh, Reza Ghanei

doi:10.1186/s40842-021-00117-8

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Epidemiological data have been consistently proposed that depression was positively correlated with MetS risk [ 20 , 49 , 50 ]. Several meta-analyses of cohort studies suggested that depression was an independent risk factor for MetS, which agrees with our results [ 24 , 25 ]. As to the reverse direction, observational studies on the effect of MetS on depression risk were inconclusive.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The association between depression and metabolic syndrome and its components: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Zhang

Chen

Yin³

et al. 2021

Transl Psychiatry

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Observational studies suggested a bidirectional correlation between depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. However, the causal associations between them remained unclear. We aimed to investigate whether genetically predicted depression is related to the risk of MetS and its components, and vice versa. We performed a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study using summary-level data from the most comprehensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depression (n = 2,113,907), MetS (n = 291,107), waist circumference (n = 462,166), hypertension (n = 463,010) fasting blood glucose (FBG, n = 281,416), triglycerides (n = 441,016), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, n = 403,943). The random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was applied as the primary method. The results identified that genetically predicted depression was significantly positive associated with risk of MetS (OR: 1.224, 95% CI: 1.091–1.374, p = 5.58 × 10−4), waist circumference (OR: 1.083, 95% CI: 1.027–1.143, p = 0.003), hypertension (OR: 1.028, 95% CI: 1.016–1.039, p = 1.34 × 10−6) and triglycerides (OR: 1.111, 95% CI: 1.060–1.163, p = 9.35 × 10−6) while negative associated with HDL-C (OR: 0.932, 95% CI: 0.885–0.981, p = 0.007) but not FBG (OR: 1.010, 95% CI: 0.986–1.034, p = 1.34). No causal relationships were identified for MetS and its components on depression risk. The present MR analysis strength the evidence that depression is a risk factor for MetS and its components (waist circumference, hypertension, FBG, triglycerides, and HDL-C). Early diagnosis and prevention of depression are crucial in the management of MetS and its components.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The association between depression and metabolic syndrome and its components: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Zhang

Chen

Yin³

et al. 2021

Transl Psychiatry

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“…It is not surprising that lower total serum bilirubin levels were proposed as a risk factor of vulnerability for different neurological and psychiatric disorders, including MDD [ 19 ]. Similarly, in light of the association between obesity and inflammation, metabolic syndrome and related biomarkers (e.g., dysregulated cortisol release) were hypothesized to be related to TRD [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Biological Factors Are Associated with Treatment-Resistant Depression

Buoli

Capuzzi

Caldiroli

et al. 2022

Behavioral Sciences

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Background: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a debilitating condition associated with unmet clinical needs. Few studies have explored clinical characteristics and serum biomarkers associated with TRD. Aims: We investigated whether there were differences in clinical and biochemical variables between patients affected by TRD than those without. Methods: We recruited 343 patients (165 males and 178 females) consecutively hospitalized for MDD to the inpatient clinics affiliated to the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, Milan, Italy (n = 234), and ASST Monza, Italy (n = 109). Data were obtained through a screening of the clinical charts and blood analyses conducted during the hospitalization. Results: TRD versus non-TRD patients resulted to be older (p = 0.001), to have a longer duration of illness (p < 0.001), to be more currently treated with a psychiatric poly-therapy (p < 0.001), to have currently more severe depressive symptoms as showed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores (p = 0.016), to have lower bilirubin plasma levels (p < 0.001). In addition, more lifetime suicide attempts (p = 0.035), more antidepressant treatments before the current episode (p < 0.001), and a lower neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio at borderline statistically significant level (p = 0.060) were all associated with the TRD group. Conclusion: We identified candidate biomarkers associated with TRD such as bilirubin plasma levels and NLR, to be confirmed by further studies. Moreover, TRD seems to be associated with unfavorable clinical factors such as a predisposition to suicidal behaviors. Future research should replicate these results to provide robust data in support of the identification of new targets of treatment and implementation of prevention strategies for TRD.

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“…Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with excess mortality ( 1 , 2 ). This appears to be in part mediated by an increased lifetime risk for obesity-related comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 2 – 4 ). Overall, the association of cardiometabolic disorders and depression appears bidirectional as has been shown for obesity ( 5 ), metabolic syndrome (MetS) ( 6 ), type 2 diabetes ( 7 ), and CVD ( 8 ).…”

Section: Depression and Cardiometabolic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose Tissue Compartments, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Risk in the Context of Depression

et al. 2022

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The neurobiological and behavioral underpinnings linking mental disorders, in particular, major depressive disorder (MDD), with cardiovascular disorders are a matter of debate. Recent research focuses on visceral (intra-abdominal and epicardial) adipose tissue and inflammation and their impact on the development of cardiometabolic disorders. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue is defined as an endocrine active fat compartment surrounding inner organs and is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a risk factor for the later development of cardiovascular disorders. Epicardial (pericardial) adipose tissue is a fat compartment surrounding the heart with close proximity to the arteries supporting the heart. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is an important source of inflammatory mediators that, in concert with other risk factors, plays a leading role in cardiovascular diseases. In conjunction with the behavioral (physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle), psychological (adherence problems), and hormonal (dysfunction of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis with subsequent hypercortisolism) alterations frequently accompanying MDD, an enhanced risk for cardiovascular disorders results.

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The relationship between depression and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta‐analysis of observational studies

Cited by 50 publications

References 66 publications

The association between depression and metabolic syndrome and its components: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

The association between depression and metabolic syndrome and its components: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Clinical and Biological Factors Are Associated with Treatment-Resistant Depression

Adipose Tissue Compartments, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Risk in the Context of Depression

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