The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments

Abstract

Purpose 3 × 3 basketball games are characterized by high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and a high number of changes of direction and jumps. It is played in tournament form with multiple games per day. Therefore, optimal regeneration is crucial for maintaining a high performance level over the course of the tournament. To elucidate how load of a match affects the athletes' bodies (i.e., internal load), muscular responses to the load of 3 × 3 games were analyzed. We aimed to investigate changes in contractility of the m. rectus femoris (RF) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (GC) in response to the load of single 3 × 3 games and a 3 × 3 tournament. Methods Inertial movement analysis was conducted to capture game load in 3 × 3. Changes in contractility were measured using tensiomyography (TMG). During a two-day tournament, TMG measurements were conducted in the morning and after each game. Additionally, off-game performance analysis consisting of jump and change-of-direction (COD) tests was conducted the day before the tournament. Results Significant changes of the muscle contractility were found for GC with TMG values being higher in the baseline than in the post-game measurements. In contrast to athletes of the GC group, athletes of the RF group responded with either decreased or increased muscle contractility after a single 3 × 3 game. A significant correlation between external and internal load parameters could not be shown. Concerning off-game performance, significant correlations can be reported for COD test duration, CMJ height and ∆Vc as well as COD test duration and ∆Dm. No systematic changes in muscle contractility were found over the course of the tournament in RF and GC. Conclusion The athletes' external 3 × 3 game load and their performance level did not seem to affect muscular contractility after a single 3 × 3 game or a complete 3 × 3 tournament within this investigation. This might indicate that elite athletes can resist external load without relevant local muscular fatigue. With respect to the course of the tournament, it can therefore be concluded that the breaks between games seem to be sufficient to return to the initial level of muscle contractility.

A Systematic Review on the Physical, Physiological, Perceptual, and Technical–Tactical Demands of Official 3 × 3 Basketball Games

“…16 Following application of the inclusion criteria, 13 articles out of the 14 prescreened were finally included in the review (Figure 1). 11,13,14,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Table 2 presents the results of the quality assessment. The mean methodological quality and bias score of the 13 included studies were 8.6 (1.1) out of 11 (range: 7-10).…”

Sensor location affects skeletal muscle contractility parameters measured by tensiomyography

“…In summary, while TMG is regularly used for load monitoring [ 41 ] and injury prevention in elite sports [ 37 , 38 ], there is still a lack of the standardization and systematic use of TMG in several sports and research areas. Previous studies have shown that sensor placement on the muscle belly affects the D m and T c of different muscles of the trunk and the upper and lower extremities [ 17 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Influência Dos Diferentes Tipos De Fadiga Nas Respostas Fisiológicas, Perceptivas E No Desempenho Atlético Em Jogadores De Basquetebol

“…Fadigabilidade central engloba o funcionamento do sistema nervoso central e suas respectivas vias de transmissão do impulso neural (Liveris et al, 2021;Willberg et al, 2022) Não se deve confundir a fadiga central com a periférica muscular. Estas duas versões de fadigabilidade se diferenciam.…”

“…Quadro 01. Principais tipos de fadiga, suas características e a ferramentas usadas para o monitoramento (Adaptado de Montgomery et al, 2008;Taylor et al, 2012;Halson, 2014;Suchomel;Bailey, 2014;Hogarth et al, 2015a;Wiewelhove et al, 2015;Alarcón et al, 2017;Thorpe et al, 2017;Edwards et al, 2018;Lehnert et al, 2018;Russell et al, 2019;Bahrami et al, 2020;Shaabani et al, 2020;Li et al, 2021;Ansdell;Dekerle, 2020;Liveris et al, 2021;Alba-Jiménez et al, 2022;Boukhris et al, 2022;Cao et al, 2022;Lin et al, 2022;Willberg et al, 2022;Bonder;Shim, 2023) [ LEGENDA: pH=potencial hidrogeniônico, CMJ=salto contramovimento, DJ=salto drop jump, RSA=teste de corridas repetidas, EDMC=questionário da verificação de esgotamento do ego, NASA-TLX=índice nacional de carga de tarefas da aeronáutica e administração espacial, EEG=eletroencefalografia, DISE=inventário diário de eventos estressantes, DSS=escala de sensibilidade à depleção, CHIME=inventário abrangente de experiências de atenção plena, TQR=questionário da qualidade total de recuperação, BSCS=escala breve de autocontrole, BSFT=protocolo específico de fadiga no basquetebol, BEST=teste de simulação de exercício para o basquetebol, LESS=teste sistema de pontuação de erros na aterrissagem, POMS=questionário do estado de humor, HRZ=zonas da frequência cardíaca, TRIMP=impulso de treinamento, VEAL=nível de ativação elétrica voluntária, EMT=estimulação magnética transcraniana ] O tamanho amostral total das trinta e seis pesquisas elegidas foi de 761 (100%) jogadores de basquetebol. Desta quantidade, 3.28% (n=25) são jogadores recreativos, 6.57% (n=50) amadores, 26.5% (n=202) formativos, 14.7% (n=112) universitários, 13.7% (n=105) semiprofissionais e, 35.0% (n=267) profissionais.…”