The Relationship between Ground Reaction Forces, Foot Positions and Type of Clubs Used in Golf: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

You, Xiaojun; Xu, Yining; Liang, Minjun; Baker, Julien S.; Gu, Yaodong

doi:10.3390/app13127209

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Different types of clubs can also cause different levels of leg stiffness. Studies have reported that the horizontal reaction force created by the lead foot or the trail foot is greater when a driver is used instead of a 6-iron club ( Peterson et al, 2016 ; You et al, 2023 ). However, iron clubs, which typically have shorter and heavier shafts than do wooden clubs, prioritize precision for landing the ball on the green over maximizing shot distance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of different iron shaft weights on golf swing performance

Yang,

Chang,

Chao

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examined the effects of three 7-iron shaft weights on golf swing performance among golfers of varying skill levels. The study included 10 low-handicap (LH; 4.3 ± 2.4) and 10 high-handicap (HH; 29.1 ± 5.4) right-handed golfers as participants. The participants were randomly assigned 7-iron clubs with shaft weights categorized as light (77 g), medium (98 g), or heavy (114 g), and they performed test shots. Kinematic data were captured using a motion analysis system with nine infra-red high speed cameras; a force platform connected to this system was used to record weight transfer patterns. Performance variables were assessed using a FlightScope launch monitor. A two-way mixed-design analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of the performance differences among both participant groups and golf shaft weights. The results indicated that during the backswing, the LH group exhibited significantly greater maximum rightward upper torso rotation, maximum X-factor, and maximum right wrist hinge rotation than did the HH group. During the downswing, the LH group exhibited significantly greater maximum upper torso angular velocity and maximum right wrist angular velocity than did the HH group. Moreover, the LH group produced significantly higher ball speeds, longer shot distances, and lower launch angles than did the HH group. The shaft weight neither greatly altered the golf swing nor displaced the center of gravity of the golfers. The lighter shafts were observed to facilitate faster clubhead speeds and initial ball velocities, thereby resulting in longer shot distances, especially among LH golfers. Although significant differences in swing mechanics and performance exist between HH and LH golfers, lighter shafts can contribute to increased shot distances for all golfers.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of different iron shaft weights on golf swing performance

Yang,

Chang,

Chao

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the fields of rehabilitation and sports, analyzing ground reaction forces (GRFs) and ground reaction moments (GRMs) offers advantages in assessing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and evaluating physical performance [1,2]. To address the challenges associated with the complexity of recording GRFs and GRMs, previous studies have developed simplified measurement techniques that do not require a force plate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Ground Reaction Forces and Moments and Joint Torques during Level Walking through Optical Motion Capture using a Multibody Dynamics Model and Foot Deformations without Optimization Techniques

Haraguchi,

Hase

2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Predicting ground reaction forces (GRFs) and ground reaction moments (GRMs) through a biomechanical model-based approach offers advantages for biomechanical analysis, particularly in situations where the application of a statistical model is limited by insufficient training data. However, the current prediction method is unsuitable for clinical applications due to its long computational time. The present study developed a new optical motion capture (OMC)-based method to predict GRFs, GRMs, and joint torques. The proposed approach performed the estimation process by distributing external forces, as determined by the equation of motion, between the left and right feet based on foot deformations, thereby predicting the GRFs and GRMs without relying on machine learning or optimization techniques. We investigated the prediction accuracy during walking by comparing a conventional analysis using a force plate with the OMC results. The comparison revealed excellent or strong correlations between the prediction and measurement for all GRFs, GRMs, and lower limb joint torques. The proposed method, which provides practical estimation with low computational cost, facilitates efficient biomechanical analysis and rapid feedback of analysis results, thereby increasing its applicability for kinetics estimation in clinical settings.

show abstract

Multibody Model with Foot-Deformation Approach for Estimating Ground Reaction Forces and Moments and Joint Torques during Level Walking through Optical Motion Capture without Optimization Techniques

Haraguchi,

Hase

2024

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The biomechanical-model-based approach with a contact model offers advantages in estimating ground reaction forces (GRFs) and ground reaction moments (GRMs), as it does not rely on the need for training data and gait assumptions. However, this approach faces the challenge of long computational times due to the inclusion of optimization processes. To address this challenge, the present study developed a new optical motion capture (OMC)-based method to estimate GRFs, GRMs, and joint torques without prolonged computational times. The proposed approach performs the estimation process by distributing external forces, as determined by a multibody model, between the left and right feet based on foot deformations, thereby predicting the GRFs and GRMs without relying on optimization techniques. In this study, prediction accuracies during level walking were confirmed by comparing a general analysis using a force plate with the estimation results. The comparison revealed excellent or strong correlations between the prediction and the measurements for all GRFs, GRMs, and lower-limb-joint torques. The proposed method, which provides practical estimation with low computational cost, facilitates efficient biomechanical analysis and rapid feedback of analysis results, contributing to its increased applicability in clinical settings.

show abstract

The Relationship between Ground Reaction Forces, Foot Positions and Type of Clubs Used in Golf: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

The effects of different iron shaft weights on golf swing performance

The effects of different iron shaft weights on golf swing performance

Prediction of Ground Reaction Forces and Moments and Joint Torques during Level Walking through Optical Motion Capture using a Multibody Dynamics Model and Foot Deformations without Optimization Techniques

Multibody Model with Foot-Deformation Approach for Estimating Ground Reaction Forces and Moments and Joint Torques during Level Walking through Optical Motion Capture without Optimization Techniques

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About