The relationship between internalized stigma, negative symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia: The mediating role of self-efficacy

Development and validation of the Self-Stigma Questionnaire (SSQ) for people with schizophrenia and its relation to social functioning

“…It is expected that higher levels of self-stigma could produce lower levels of social functioning, as Yanos et al (2012) describe this relation over time. These results are in the same line as other studies performed in people with schizophrenia [17,18,40] and with other mental disorders [12,15]. However in the study of Muñoz et al (2011) [15] they found a relationship between stigma and social functioning but more specifically with personal autonomy, while in our research the areas of social communication and relations with others were more closely related to self-stigma.…”

“…In the same line, Yanos et al (2012) [16] found that changes towards more self-stigma are related to worsened performance in social functioning. Specifically in people with schizophrenia, Hill and Startup (2013) [17] found that those with greater internalized stigma presented more negative symptoms and lower quality of life. Moreover, Brohan et al (2010) [18] found that people with schizophrenia with higher levels of self-stigma had fewer social contacts and a higher percentage of unemployment.…”

The Effect of Internalized Stigma on the Self Esteem in Patients with Schizophrenia

“…Considering the ISMI score, this result indicated that patients had high levels of internalization. Looking at the international literature, it was found that patients with schizophrenia experience high levels of internalized stigma (Adewuya et al, 2011;Assefa, Shibre, Asher, & Fekadu, 2012;Brohan et al, 2010;Hill & Startup, 2013). Ying et al (2012) conducted a study revealing that internalized stigma was widespread among Chinese patients with schizophrenia, and that it has important adverse effects on their lives.…”

Self-Stigma and Its Relationship with Victimization, Psychotic Symptoms and Self-Esteem among People with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

“…Lysaker et al [7] reported self-stigma to be associated with higher levels of positive symptoms, but no association with negative symptoms, disconfirming earlier research linking negative symptoms with discrimination [8]. However, other studies did find a strong positive association between internalized stigma and negative symptoms [9]. Research by Cavelti et al [10], building on the work of Yanos et al [11] who tried to unravel the direction of the association between symptoms and self-stigma, showed that causality between symptom severity and self-stigma is complex and remains unclear.…”