“…Much research has been conducted to identify and classify LCS exploited by EFL/ESL learners (see for example Vandergrift, 2003;Liu, 2008;Serri, Boroujeni, & Hesabi, 2012;Nowrouzi, Tam, Nimehchisalem, & Zareian, 2014). Several other studies have investigated the comparative analyses of LCS used by more proficient and less proficient language learners (see for example Staehr, 2008;Milton, Wade, & Hopkins, 2010;Bidabadi & Yamat, 2011;Tavakoli, Shahraki, & Rezazadeh, 2012;Kassem, 2015). It has been reported that a growing mass of research has investigated the use of LCS in relation to variables like listening comprehension, self-efficacy and anxiety (Chen, 2007;Liu, 2008;Lu, & Liu, 2011;Golchi, 2012;Ghapanchi, & Golparvar, 2012).…”