The Relationship Between Long-Distance Running, Plasma Progesterone, and Luteal Phase Length

Shangold, Mona M.; Freeman, Ruth; Thysen, Benjamin; Gatz, Michael

doi:10.1097/00006254-197908000-00018

Cited by 14 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…25,26 During a woman's reproductive years, strenuous exercise activity is associated with an increased likelihood of secondary amenorrhea, irregular or anovulatory menstrual cycles, and shortened luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. 27,28 These alterations in menstrual function have been associated with reduced levels of estradiol, progesterone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, particularly during adolescence. 27,29,30 Studies of recreational athletes suggest that ovarian function may be altered in women who engage in less strenuous activity through lower mean hormone levels, longer menstrual cycle lengths, 31,32 or the occurrence of anovulatory menstrual cycles, 33 but to our knowledge the data are not as conclusive as those for athletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27,28 These alterations in menstrual function have been associated with reduced levels of estradiol, progesterone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, particularly during adolescence. 27,29,30 Studies of recreational athletes suggest that ovarian function may be altered in women who engage in less strenuous activity through lower mean hormone levels, longer menstrual cycle lengths, 31,32 or the occurrence of anovulatory menstrual cycles, 33 but to our knowledge the data are not as conclusive as those for athletes. Recent physical activity may also act through hormonal mechanisms by continuing to impact ovarian hormone levels among premenopausal women, may directly lower estrogen levels, 34 or may alter circulating estrogen levels of postmenopausal women indirectly 9 by lowering BMI or maintaining weight among postmenopausal women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lifetime recreational exercise activity and risk of breast carcinoma in situ

Patel

Press

Meeske

et al. 2003

Cancer

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The aim of this study is the creation of an empirical model that can be used to predict the viscosity of a semicrystalline polymer melt for polymer process control. We have developed an empirical viscosity equation from both analysis and experimentation that takes into consideration the effect of temperature on both the flow behavior and the consistency index in the power law. The analysis is based on previously published literature, whereas the experimental data have been obtained from both the literature and laboratory investigations. The coefficients of the empirical model for low‐density polyethylene and polypropylene have been obtained from the experimental data derived from capillary rheometer measurements in the laboratory. This empirical model is able to produce results matching the experimental data with remarkable accuracy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3045–3057, 2003

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime recreational exercise activity and risk of breast carcinoma in situ

Patel

Press

Meeske

et al. 2003

Cancer

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“…The exact incidence of these abnormalities is unknown, however, as many 'eumenorrheic' athletes are actually suffering from hidden menstrual irregularities such as inadequate luteal phase or anovulatory cycles (Shangold et al 1979, Bonen et al 1981, Prior et al 1982, Loucks et al 1989. Dale et al (1979) found that only 50% of runners ovulated during a test month compared with 83% of controls.…”

Section: Infertilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system

Warren¹,

Perlroth²

2001

Journal of Endocrinology

381

198

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Women have become increasingly physically active in recent decades. While exercise provides substantial health benefits, intensive exercise is also associated with a unique set of risks for the female athlete. Hypothalamic dysfunction associated with strenuous exercise, and the resulting disturbance of GnRH pulsatility, can result in delayed menarche and disruption of menstrual cyclicity.Specific mechanisms triggering reproductive dysfunction may vary across athletic disciplines. An energy drain incurred by women whose energy expenditure exceeds dietary energy intake appears to be the primary factor effecting GnRH suppression in athletes engaged in sports emphasizing leanness; nutritional restriction may be an important causal factor in the hypoestrogenism observed in these athletes. A distinct hormonal profile characterized by hyperandrogenism rather than hypoestrogenism is associated with athletes engaged in sports emphasizing strength over leanness. Complications associated with suppression of GnRH include infertility and compromised bone density. Failure to attain peak bone mass and bone loss predispose hypoestrogenic athletes to osteopenia and osteoporosis.Metabolic aberrations associated with nutritional insult may be the primary factors effecting low bone density in hypoestrogenic athletes, thus diagnosis should include careful screening for abnormal eating behavior. Increasing caloric intake to offset high energy demand may be sufficient to reverse menstrual dysfunction and stimulate bone accretion. Treatment with exogenous estrogen may help to curb further bone loss in the hypoestrogenic amenorrheic athlete, but may not be sufficient to stimulate bone growth. Treatment aimed at correcting metabolic abnormalities may in fact prove more effective than that aimed at correcting estrogen deficiencies.

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“…The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase. Physical activities have a great effect on menstrual period as physical activity induces bleeding (Ellison and Lager, 1986;Shangold et al, 1979). Basic objective of this study was to investigate the number of days of menstruation period as well as the effect of profession on the duration of menstruation period in females of different areas of district Mardan.…”

Section: Menstrual Cycle Relates To Diverse Profession and Age Clustermentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrepancy in Menstrual Cycle Relates to Diverse Profession and Age Cluster of District Mardan Khyber PakhtoonKhwa, Pakistan

et al. 2016

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Abstract-Menstruation cycle is the discharge of blood from the inner uterine lining of female reproductive tract. About 500 females from 6 different professions from district Mardan were included in this study. These 500 working females were divided into different age groups starting from 13 to 50 years to examine the length of menstrual cycle in relation to different professions and age. Number of Menstruating days of each female was recorded. Observation was recorded from the 1 st day of menstruating till the end of menstruation period. An unlimited relation of profession and menstruation period was observed in this study, a decreased or prolonged menstrual period was observed in those women who were having more physical or mental activities as compare to sedentary ones. The same case is also found in start of teenage and in aged women. In different professional females about 29.2% respondents were reported with 3-4 days of menstrual period, 40.4% respondents were observed with 5-6 days of menstrual period, 23.2% respondents were reported with 7-8 days of menstrual period while only 7.2% respondents were observed with the longest menstrual period i.e. 9-10 days. About 15.49% Teachers and 15.39% Maids had the longest menstruation periods i.e. 9-20 days. A fairly normal menstruation (5-6 days) period of 69.31% respondents was observed in household females while in students about 48.63% respondents had least days of menstruation period i.e. 3-4 days. In different age groups about 32.8% female population had 3-4 days' menstruation period which is measured to be short period, a total of 44.4% female population had 5-6 days' menstruation period, 15.6% female population had 7-8 days' menstruation period while only 7.2% female population of this study had the longest (9-10 days) menstruation period. About 11.11% aged female population had the longest menstruation periods i.e. 9-20 days. A comparatively normal menstruation (5-6 days) period of 59.09% respondents was observed in age group 26-30. About 37.41% respondents of age group 21-25 and 37.70% respondents of age group 31-35 had least days of menstruation period i.e. 3-4 days. This reveals that the mental activity as well as the age has also an effect on menstruation period. This study reveals that the menstrual period is also reliant upon the nature of the job/profession of a female. Period may be shortened as 3 days or prolonged as 10 days depend upon the nature of physical and mental activity.

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The Relationship Between Long-Distance Running, Plasma Progesterone, and Luteal Phase Length

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Lifetime recreational exercise activity and risk of breast carcinoma in situ

Lifetime recreational exercise activity and risk of breast carcinoma in situ

The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system

Discrepancy in Menstrual Cycle Relates to Diverse Profession and Age Cluster of District Mardan Khyber PakhtoonKhwa, Pakistan

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