“…Infants born premature are more likely than full-term infants to have a difficult temperament, including higher levels of negative arousal (Klein, Gaspardo, Martinez, Grunau, & Linhares, 2009) and negative affect (Hughes et al, 2002), and display less adaptability and more distractibility (Hughes et al, 2002). Research has largely relied on maternal report of infant temperament, and has found that in comparison to mothers of full-term infants, mothers of preterm infants reported their infant to have a more difficult temperament (Denis, Ponsin, & Callahan, 2012). However, similar to the literature on the relation between preterm birth and postpartum depressive symptoms, most studies examining the relation between preterm birth and infant negative affect (e.g., infant temperament) have been limited to predominately white, middle class samples.…”