The relationship between meal frequency and body mass index in black and white adolescent girls: more is less

Franko, Debra L.; Striegel‐Moore, Ruth H.; Thompson, Douglas; Affenito, Sandra G.; Schreiber, George B.; Daniels, Stephen R.; Crawford, Patricia B.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803654

Cited by 79 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…measured by parental educational level) and meal patterns (9,26) , similar to the association between parental employment and meal frequencies found here in the Jena children. In our children, the number of meals was significantly reduced when both parents were working full-time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Meal patterns among children and adolescents and their associations with weight status and parental characteristics

Würbach

Zellner

Kromeyer-Hauschild

2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Objectives: To describe the meal patterns of Jena schoolchildren and their associations with children's weight status and parental characteristics. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Twenty schools in Jena ( ,100 000 inhabitants), south-east Germany. Subjects: A total of 2054 schoolchildren aged 7-14 years with information on BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) and weight status (based on German reference values), of whom 1571 had additional information about their parents (parental education and employment status, weight status according to WHO guidelines) and meal patterns (school lunch participation rate, meal frequencies, breakfast consumption and frequency of family meals). Results: Weight status of the children was associated with weight status, education and employment status of the parents. Meal patterns were strongly dependent on children's age and parental employment. As age increased, the frequency of meal consumption, participation rate in school lunches and the number of family meals decreased. Using linear regression analysis, a high inverse association between BMI-SDS and meal frequency was observed, in addition to relationships with parental weight status and paternal education. Conclusions: Age-specific prevention programmes should encourage greater meal frequency. The close involvement of parents is essential in any strategy for improving children's (families') diets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Meal patterns among children and adolescents and their associations with weight status and parental characteristics

Würbach

Zellner

Kromeyer-Hauschild

2009

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Longitudinal associations between a regular meal pattern/high meal frequency and obesity are scarce in this field, but a 10-year observational study among American adolescent girls revealed that a frequency of 31 meals/d was positively related to a lower BMI-for-age Z-score (15) . The study also revealed that the percentage of girls skipping meals increased from the age of 9 to 19 years (15) . Food habits and meal patterns, which are learned and acquired in childhood, tend to persist into later ages.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal pattern among Norwegian primary-school children and longitudinal associations between meal skipping and weight status

Stea

Vik

Bere

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To investigate meal pattern longitudinally and explore whether meal skipping was associated with overweight among Norwegian children and adolescents. Design: Longitudinal study. Children's meal frequencies were reported by their parents using a retrospective FFQ. Weight and height were measured by public health nurses. Descriptive data comparing 4th and 7th grade were analysed by paired-sample t tests for continuous variables and x 2 tests for categorical variables. Odds ratio estimates, including confidence intervals, with BMI category (normal/overweight) as the dependent variable, were determined through logistic regression analyses. Results: The number of children eating four main meals per day (regular meal frequency) decreased from 4th grade (47 %) to 7th grade (38 %; P 5 0?001). Those who ate regular meals in 4th grade but not in 7th grade had higher odds (OR 5 3?1; 95 % CI 1?1, 9?0) of being overweight in 7th grade after adjusting for gender, maternal education and physical activity, but the odds ratio was not statistically significant after adjusting for overweight in 4th grade (OR 5 2?8; 95 % CI 0?7, 11?6). Conclusions: The present study showed significant increases in overall meal skipping among children between 4th and 7th grade. The results indicate an association between overweight and meal skipping, but additional prospective and longitudinal analyses and intervention trials are warranted to confirm this relationship.

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“…Among others, the reason for skipping snacks is increased consumption of soft drinks and sweets. Previous research has shown how consumption of more meals per day causes lower risk of obesity [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pupil’s Diet-Related Attitudes to Healthy Lifestyle

Graovac¹,

Papić²,

Merdić³

2015

JESE-A

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The relationship between meal frequency and body mass index in black and white adolescent girls: more is less

Cited by 79 publications

References 35 publications

Meal patterns among children and adolescents and their associations with weight status and parental characteristics

Meal patterns among children and adolescents and their associations with weight status and parental characteristics

Meal pattern among Norwegian primary-school children and longitudinal associations between meal skipping and weight status

Pupil’s Diet-Related Attitudes to Healthy Lifestyle

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