The relationship between mental fatigue, depression, and cognition in Graves’ disease

Abstract

Objective: Mental fatigue, depression, anxiety and cognitive complaints are common in Graves’ disease (GD). Our aims were to assess the relationship between these variables in patients with GD during both hyperthyroidism and a long stable euthyroidism. Methods: A prospective longitudinal case-control study where sixty-five premenopausal women diagnosed with GD and 65 matched controls were assessed twice with 15 months in-between. The first visit for patients was in overt hyperthyroidism and the second after treatment. Results: During the hyperthyroid phase, mental fatigue, depression and anxiety were significantly increased for GD patients compared to controls (all p<0.001). Among GD patients 89% reported mental fatigue and among controls 14%. No difference in cognitive tests was found. After 15 months, significant improvements for GD patients after treatment were found for the items mental fatigue, depression and anxiety (all p<0.001), but these were unchanged in controls. GD patients reported residual mental fatigue (38%), 23% without depression and 15% mental fatigue combined with depression. Self-reported cognitive complaints were pronounced while cognitive tests did not reveal any deficiencies. Conclusion: Mental fatigue and emotional distress are common in the hyperthyroid phase. These improve with treatment but are still more common in GD patients after 15 months of therapy than in controls. The residual mental fatigue is shown to be a phenomenon distinct from depression in this study. This indicates the importance of assessing mental fatigue in GD patients and underlines the need for rehabilitation and healthcare support as fatigue will have consequences for work ability.

Brain functional connectivity in hyperthyroid patients: systematic review

“…A significant negative correlation was found between disease duration and FC strength between the hippocampi and cingulate cortices ( Zhang et al, 2014 ; Milton et al, 2022 ). This suggests that as the disease progresses, there is a decline in the integrity of neural circuits linking these regions ( Zhi et al, 2018 ; Johansson et al, 2023 ), due to adaptive changes or neuronal damage in hyperthyroid patients. In addition, chronic hyperthyroidism could lead to structural ( Zhang et al, 2014 ; Zhe et al, 2021 ; Duda et al, 2023 ; Xiong et al, 2023 ), and functional changes in the hippocampi and cingulate cortices, affecting their connectivity patterns.…”

Psychiatric complications in Graves’ disease

“…Mental symptoms and reduced quality of life (QoL) are common brain-derived problems in untreated Graves’ hyperthyroidism ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). In a 2006 review (meta-analysis) the most prevalent mental symptoms included anxiety, fatigue, emotional lability, and reduced emotional well-being ( 1 ).…”