The relationship between mindfulness, anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis of correlational studies

Abstract

BackgroundThe emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has created an environment in which numerous determinants of poor mental health are intensified. Lockdown, re-lockdown, and media coverage of the spread of the virus, have the potential to contribute to increased levels of anxiety and depression. Mindfulness may act as a buffer against COVID-19-related depressive and anxiety disorders.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for any study published between January 2020 and March 2022. In this study, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.3 software was applied to evaluate the effect size by random effect model. In addition, the heterogeneity analysis was evaluated using indicators Q and I2 indicators. Three methods were used to test for publication bias: funnel plot, Classic Fail-safe N, and Egger’s linear regression. According to the features of the included articles, subgroup analysis was utilized for the moderator analysis of this study.ResultsThe analysis finally included 12 articles (16 samples, N = 10,940) and obtained 26 independent effect sizes. In accordance with the meta-analysis, in the random effect model, the correlation between mindfulness and anxiety was −0.330 (p < 0.001), and the correlation between mindfulness and depression was −0.353 (p < 0.001), which supported the effect of mindfulness on anxiety and depression. In the meta-analysis of the correlation between mindfulness and anxiety, study region had an essential moderating effect (p < 0.001). The Sample type did not produce a significant moderating effect (p = 0.190). The mode of action of mindfulness was a significant moderator (p = 0.038). In the meta-analysis of the linkage between mindfulness and depression, regional differences had a significant moderating effect (p < 0.001). The sample type had no discernible moderating impact (p = 0.213). The mode of action of mindfulness was a significant moderator (p = 0.003).ConclusionOur meta-analysis indicated that there was an essential correlation between public mindfulness and mental health. Our systematic review added evidence supporting the beneficial nature of mindfulness. A cascading development of beneficial traits that improve mental health may start with mindfulness.

The relationship between mindfulness and mental distress in Chinese people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Moderating effects of infection severity of region and mediating effects of resilience and self-efficacy

“…This finding is consistent with existing literature indicating that greater mindfulness is associated with less mental distress in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic (Li et al, 2023). A recent systematic review showed that mindfulness is negatively correlated with anxiety and depression (Xu et al, 2023). According to Langer (2015), dispositional mindfulness is associated with greater cognitive flexibility.…”

Quality Assessment in Meta-Analysis (QuAMA)

“…Specifically, we extracted the effect sizes for the mindfulness (+ '() ) and mental health (+ '* ) self-reports and their respective sampling variances (# %'() and # %'* ) from the meta-analytic data set. Given that this data set did not contain any information about the correlation between effects, we utilized the findings from a recent meta-analysis of the relations among several mindfulness and mental health measures (Xu et al, 2023) and assumed a correlation of . = .35 between the effects.…”