The relationship between neuroimaging and motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review – Part A. Structural imaging

Franki, Inge; Mailleux, Lisa; Emsell, Louise; Peedima, Maarja-Liisa; Fehrenbach, Anna; Feys, Hilde; Ortibus, Els

doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103606

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…While in part A of this review (Franki et al 2019), it was concluded that insufficient information was extracted to reliably relate manual motor function (i.e. MACS) with sMRI results, the results of this review showed clear relationships between upper limb function and white matter integrity of the descending CST and ascending thalamocortical tracts in children with uCP, which has also been recently confirmed by a meta-analysis (Jiang et al, 2019).…”

Section: White Matter Integrity Of Affected Tractsmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…The review by Arnfield et al (2013) was recently updated in part A of the current review with the aim of including more population-based studies to strengthen the conclusions made and to gain deeper insights into this complex relationship. Contrary to Arnfield et al (2013), when including more recent literature (n=58 studies), the relationship between the type of the brain lesion and CP subtype or functional classifications such as the GMFCS and the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) could not be confirmed (Franki et al 2019). This discrepancy may be due to differences in the clinical characteristics of the populations investigated and heterogeneity in MRI based classification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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The relationship between neuroimaging and motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review—Part B diffusion imaging and tractography

Mailleux

Franki

Emsell

et al. 2020

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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BackgroundDiffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) is able to detect, localize and quantify subtle brain white matter abnormalities that may not be visible on conventional structural MRI. Over the past years, a growing number of studies have applied dMRI to investigate structure-function relationships in children with cerebral palsy (CP). AimsTo provide an overview of the recent literature on dMRI and motor function in children with CP. MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, Cinahl and Web of Science from 2012 onwards. ResultsIn total, 577 children with CP in 19 studies were included. Sixteen studies only included unilateral CP, while none included dyskinetic CP. Most studies focused on specific regions/tracts of interest (n=17) versus two studies that investigated the whole brain. In unilateral and bilateral CP, white matter abnormalities were widespread including non-motor areas. In unilateral CP, consistent relationships were found between white matter integrity of the corticospinal tract and somatosensory pathways (e.g. thalamocortical projections, medial lemniscus) with upper limb sensorimotor function. The role of commissural and associative tracts remains poorly investigated. Also results describing structurefunction relationships in bilateral CP are scarce (n=3). ConclusionsThis review underlines the importance of both the motor and somatosensory tracts for upper limb sensorimotor function in unilateral CP. However, the exact contribution of each tract requires further exploration. In addition, research on the relevance of non-motor pathways is warranted, as well as studies including other types of CP. What this paper adds• An overview of the current literature investigating the relationship between diffusion MRI based measures of white matter tract integrity and motor function in CP.• Current gaps and future recommendations to further improve our insights into these structurefunction relationships. Highlights• In unilateral and bilateral CP, white matter microstructural abnormalities are widespread including non-motor areas.• In unilateral CP, dMRI reveals a relationship between the microstructural properties of motor and somatosensory tracts and upper limb sensorimotor function.• The contribution of motor versus somatosensory tracts needs further clarification.• There are limited studies in bilateral spastic CP and in children with dyskinetic CP.

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Section: White Matter Integrity Of Affected Tractsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

The relationship between neuroimaging and motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review—Part B diffusion imaging and tractography

Mailleux

Franki

Emsell

et al. 2020

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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“…This is reflected by the neural substrate of the disorders documented in neuroimaging studies (performed in individuals who have reached at least schoolage)-the disorders are characterized by widespread alterations of the brain's structure, in which the abnormalities are just as heterogeneous as the clinical phenotypes. The widespread deviancies are found in the brain's grey and white matter [11][12][13]. Nonetheless, the neural network anomalies have some disorder-specific characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, the neural network anomalies have some disorder-specific characteristics. For instance, the network anomalies reported in children with CP virtually always include lesions of the white matter of the sensorimotor areas, often comprising the periventricular white matter [11,14], whereas those reported in children with ASD virtually always include abnormalities in the networks of the so-called 'social brain', that comprise the fronto-temporal and fronto-parietal regions [13,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Diagnostics and Early Intervention in Neurodevelopmental Disorders—Age-Dependent Challenges and Opportunities

Hadders‐Algra

2021

JCM

115

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This review discusses early diagnostics and early intervention in developmental disorders in the light of brain development. The best instruments for early detection of cerebral palsy (CP) with or without intellectual disability are neonatal magnetic resonance imaging, general movements assessment at 2–4 months and from 2–4 months onwards, the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination and Standardized Infant NeuroDevelopmental Assessment. Early detection of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is difficult; its first signs emerge at the end of the first year. Prediction with the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and Infant Toddler Checklist is possible to some extent and improves during the second year, especially in children at familial risk of ASD. Thus, prediction improves substantially when transient brain structures have been replaced by permanent circuitries. At around 3 months the cortical subplate has dissolved in primary motor and sensory cortices; around 12 months the cortical subplate in prefrontal and parieto-temporal cortices and cerebellar external granular layer have disappeared. This review stresses that families are pivotal in early intervention. It summarizes evidence on the effectiveness of early intervention in medically fragile neonates, infants at low to moderate risk, infants with or at high risk of CP and with or at high risk of ASD.

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“…In our study, epilepsy was more common in patients with PVL but other comorbidities did not differ between patients with and without PVL. In a review, grey matter lesions were found to be associated with GMFCS levels of 4 and 5, representing immobile patients [22]. In another trial, the most common lesion was detected as PVL, but approximately two-thirds of those patients were at GMFCS level 1 or 2 while the majority of patients with grey matter lesions were classified as levels 3-5 [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the relationship between cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical status in children with cerebral palsy

Şık¹,

Sarıoğlu²,

Öztekin³

et al. 2021

Turk J Med Sci

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Background/aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and clinical features in cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Children aged 3 to 18 years, who were followed with the diagnosis of CP between January 2012 and September 2015, were included. The type of CP was classified using the European Cerebral Palsy Monitoring Group's classification system and then, patients were divided into two groups as spastic or non-spastic groups. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was used to determine the level of mobility. According to the GMFCS, levels 1, 2, and 3 were grouped as mobile, and levels 4 and 5 were grouped as immobile. Cranial MRI findings were reevaluated by a voluntarily radiologist and grouped as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (grades 1, 2, and 3), cerebral atrophy, migration anomaly, cerebellar involvement, basal ganglion involvement, and normal MRI findings. Results: Sixty-two patients were enrolled. The rate of mobile patients did not differ between the spastic and non-spastic groups. The incidence of PVL was significantly higher in cases of prematurity and spastic CP (p<0.05). The rate of mobilization was significantly lower and the rate of epilepsy was significantly higher in patients with PVL. Immobile patients were more common among cases of grade 3 PVL (p<0.05). Conclusion: The most common cranial MRI pathology was PVL, and the presence of PVL and its grade might help clinically assess the patient's CP type and level of mobilization. While pathology was observed mostly in cranial MRI in cases of CP with similar clinical features, the 2 fact that cranial MRI was completely normal for 14.5% of the cases suggests that there may be some pathologies that we could not identify with today's imaging technology.

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The relationship between neuroimaging and motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review – Part A. Structural imaging

Cited by 24 publications

References 71 publications

The relationship between neuroimaging and motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review—Part B diffusion imaging and tractography

The relationship between neuroimaging and motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review—Part B diffusion imaging and tractography

Early Diagnostics and Early Intervention in Neurodevelopmental Disorders—Age-Dependent Challenges and Opportunities

Evaluation of the relationship between cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical status in children with cerebral palsy

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