The relationship between obesity and hypertension: an updated comprehensive overview on vicious twins

Abstract

Obesity is a growing global health concern, with a rapid increase being observed in morbid obesity. Obesity is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk and earlier onset of cardiovascular morbidity. The growing obesity epidemic is a major source of unsustainable health costs and morbidity and mortality because of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, certain cancers and major cardiovascular diseases. Similar to obesity, hypertension is a key unfavorable health metric that has disastrous health implications: currently, hypertension is the leading contributor to global disease burden, and the direct and indirect costs of treating hypertension are exponentially higher. Poor lifestyle characteristics and health metrics often cluster together to create complex and difficult-to-treat phenotypes: excess body mass is such an example, facilitating a cascade of pathophysiological sequelae that create such as a direct obesity-hypertension link, which consequently increases cardiovascular risk. Although some significant issues regarding assessment/management of obesity remain to be addressed and the underlying mechanisms governing these disparate effects of obesity on cardiovascular disease are complex and not completely understood, a variety of factors could have a critical role. Consequently, a comprehensive and exhaustive investigation of this relationship should analyze the pathogenetic factors and pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity to hypertension as they provide the basis for a rational therapeutic strategy in the aim to fully describe and understand the obesity-hypertension link and discuss strategies to address the potential negative consequences from the perspective of both primordial prevention and treatment for those already impacted by this condition.

Prevalence and predictors of co‐occurring diabetes and hypertension in community‐dwelling older adults

“…This finding is not surprising, given that obesity is a leading risk factor for both diabetes and hypertension. The global prevalence of obesity has nearly doubled in the past three decades; in the USA, 36% of adults have a BMI ≥30, it is estimated nearly 90% of diabetes is attributable to excess weight and excess weight accounts for 65–75% of the risk for hypertension . This vicious synergistic combination of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension also increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease .…”

A magasvérnyomás-betegség prevalenciája túlsúlyos és elhízott magyar gyermek- és serdülőkorú populációban

“…A túlsúly és az elhízás nem pusztán a zsírszövet felszaporodását jelenti, hanem elindít egy olyan összetett anyagcserekaszkádot, mely végül a vérnyomás emelkedéséhez vezet [33]. Ez a folyamat fokozza a szív-és érrendszeri betegségek kialakulásának kockázatát a betegnél.…”

“…Az emelkedett LDL-koleszterin-szint krónikus gyulladást képes indukálni, míg az inzulinrezisztencia gátolhatja a zsírszövet lipolízisét, ami emeli a szabad zsírsavak (free fatty acids, FFA) szintjét a szérumban [38]. Az emelkedett szabadzsírsav-szint fokozza az alfa-adrenerg-rendszer hatását, növelve ezzel az artériás tónust [33]. A fentiek alapján megállapíthatjuk, hogy az elhízáshoz társuló vérnyomás-emelkedés kialakulása öszszetett folyamat, melynek lényege a felszaporodott zsírsejtek anyagcserehatásai által aktivált szimpatikus idegrendszer regulációs zavara.…”

Measures of obesity and accepted cardio-metabolic disease risk factors from a peri-urban female farm working population in South Africa

“…Studies propose that approximately 70% of hypertension risk can be attributed to the presence of excessive body weight [63][64][65]. Epidemiological studies showed that adiposity and hypertension are precursor factors for CVD development [66].…”