“…Irrespective of the on-going debate as to whether pregnancy acts as a trigger for domestic abuse, or exacerbates existing abuse, the violence itself causes physical injuries and psychological trauma to the pregnant woman and serious threats to the unborn child (Helton et al, 1987;Gazmararian et al, 1995;Taillieu and Brownridge, 2010). Health consequences include: recurrent miscarriage, low birth weight, fetal injury, stillbirth, and maternal death (Helton et al, 1987;Bullock and McFarlane 1989;Mc Farlane et al, 1992, 1996Hunt and Martin 2001;Valladares et al, 2002;Neggers et al, 2004;El Kady et al, 2005;Faramarzi et al, 2005;Fanslow et al, 2008).…”