The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics.

Schein, Virginia E.

doi:10.1037/h0037128

Cited by 1,355 publications

(1,140 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…One such variable is perceivers' sex, in view of evidence that men often have a more masculine construal of leadership than do women. Evidence of this construal emerges mainly from studies on perceptions of the managerial role similar to those by Schein (1973Schein ( , 1975. According to Schein's (2001) review of this research, these newer studies have shown that in the United States, but not in several other nations (the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, China), women, compared with men, generally have a more androgynous view of managerial roles as requiring communal qualities as well as agentic ones.…”

Section: First Form Of Prejudicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…People thus tend to have dissimilar beliefs about leaders and women and similar beliefs about leaders and men. In Schein's (1973Schein's ( , 1975 early empirical demonstration of this masculine construal of leadership, male and female managers gave their impressions of either women, men, or successful middle managers. These respondents perceived successful middle managers as considerably more similar to men than women on a large number of mainly agentic characteristics such as competitive, self-confident, objective, aggressive, ambitious, and able to lead.…”

Section: Congruity Of Gender Roles and Leadership Rolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

Eagly¹,

Karau²

2002

Psychological Review

4,867

257

5,712

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A role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders proposes that perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles leads to 2 forms of prejudice: (a) perceiving women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership roles and (b) evaluating behavior that fulfills the prescriptions of a leader role less favorably when it is enacted by a woman. One consequence is that attitudes are less positive toward female than male leaders and potential leaders. Other consequences are that it is more difficult for women to become leaders and to achieve success in leadership roles. Evidence from varied research paradigms substantiates that these consequences occur, especially in situations that heighten perceptions of incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles. Role Congruity Theory: How Gender Roles and LeaderRoles Produce Two Types of PrejudiceIn general, prejudice can arise from the relations that people perceive between the characteristics of members of a social group

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Section: First Form Of Prejudicementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Congruity Of Gender Roles and Leadership Rolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

Eagly¹,

Karau²

2002

Psychological Review

4,867

257

5,712

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In fact, leader stereotypes are linked to both agency and masculinity, but there is a mismatch between leader stereotypes and stereotypes of women (see Koenig, Eagly, Mitchell, & Ristikari, 2011;Powell & Butterfield, 1979;Schein, 1973). As mentioned previously, leadership ability is a prescriptive trait for men (representing a consensual belief about how men ought to behave), but it is not a prescriptive trait for women (Rudman et al, 2012b, p. 168).…”

Section: Leadership/authority (L/a)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review.

Grijalva

Newman

Tay

et al. 2015

Psychological Bulletin

470

280

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“…Beyer (1990Beyer ( , 1998 and Beyer and Bowden (1997) argue that when (managerial) tasks and roles are perceived as more masculine than feminine, women are more likely than men to underestimate their competencies in these areas. Along these lines, several studies show that managers are perceived to have characteristics more commonly associated with men than with women (Schein, 1973 andButterfield, 1979 and. Within the area of entrepreneurship, Fagenson and Marcus (1991) find that women assign more weight to masculine attributes in the profile of a successful entrepreneur.…”

Section: Gender and Self-perceptions In Business And Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image

Verheul

Uhlaner

Thurik

2005

Journal of Business Venturing

169

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Drawing on Bem's psychological theory of self-perception, this paper presents and tests a model that examines the impact of business accomplishments and gender on entrepreneurial self-image and explores the definition of entrepreneurship according to Vesper's entrepreneurial typology. Regression techniques are used to identify those business accomplishments that university alumni associate with self-perceptions of entrepreneurship. Experience as a small business person (founding, running, and/or owning a small business) most clearly predicts entrepreneurial self-image. Results also support predictions of both direct and indirect effects of gender as well as direct effects of education and business degree. Results of a separate expert panel study are used to rank business accomplishments according to degree of entrepreneurship. Results of both studies reveal stark contrasts in the implied definition of entrepreneurship between entrepreneurship experts (academic and practitioner alike) and the general business community (as represented by the alumni). This raises questions about the meaning of the term "entrepreneurship", what the word "entrepreneur", in particular, conveys to the general public, and the implications for practice and future research.

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The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics.

Cited by 1,355 publications

References 13 publications

Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review.

Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image

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