The relationship between sleep disturbances and depression in daytime workers: a cross-sectional structured interview survey

Abstract

The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between sleep disturbances and depression in daytime workers using a structured interview. A total of 1,184 daytime workers were enrolled. We evaluated difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), early morning awakening (EMA), and global insomnia scores (ISs) in all participants. As a result, the prevalences of DIS, DMS, and EMA were 16%, 46%, and 22%, respectively. IS was significantly correlated with depression score. Additionally, although all IS subscales (i.e., DIS, DMS, and EMA) were significantly associated with depression score, the main factor contributing to depression score was DIS. Thus, the present study reveals that sleep disturbances and especially DIS are associated with depression in daytime workers.

The Prevalence of Insomnia Subtypes in Relation to Demographic Characteristics, Anxiety, Depression, Alcohol Consumption and Use of Hypnotics

“…Moreover, our findings indicated that possible anxiety and possible depression more frequently occurred in participants with SOL + WASO + EMA-insomnia compared with SOLinsomnia. While this is somewhat in contrast with previous studies suggesting depression to be more strongly associated with early morning awakening (Rodin et al, 1988;Lustberg and Reynolds, 2000) or difficulty initiating sleep (Yokoyama et al, 2010;Ikeda et al, 2017), it is important to emphasize that previous studies did not include mixed insomnia subtypes. It can therefore not be ruled out that these studies would have provided similar results as the current study if they had also included combinations of the insomnia subtypes.…”

“…Overall, the most logical approach would be to subtype according to specific sleep-related characteristics. Therefore, in the present study we divided insomnia into subtypes based on when the sleep difficulty was experienced during the night (sleep onset insomnia, sleep maintenance insomnia and early morning awakening insomnia) which as noted, represent subtypes previously described in the literature (Taylor et al, 2005;Pigeon, 2010;Yokoyama et al, 2010;Espie et al, 2012;Ikeda et al, 2017). Even though there exist some research on demographic characteristics associated with insomnia, there is a dearth of research on the distribution of insomnia subtypes within these characteristics.…”

“…As mentioned, the relationships between insomnia and anxiety, and insomnia and depression are considered bidirectional (Jansson-Frojmark and Lindblom, 2008;Baglioni et al, 2010Baglioni et al, , 2011Sivertsen et al, 2012;Alvaro et al, 2014;Dolsen et al, 2014). To be able to predict which insomnia patients who are more likely to suffer from psychiatric disorders, previous studies have examined the prevalence of depression in specific sleep-related subtypes (Rodin et al, 1988;Lustberg and Reynolds, 2000;Taylor et al, 2005;Yokoyama et al, 2010;Espie et al, 2012;Ikeda et al, 2017). However, there are inconsistencies on which subtype that most strongly has been associated with depression.…”

“…Historically, early morning awakening was considered a characteristic of depression in the field of psychiatry (World Health Organization [WHO], 1992) and several studies support this notion (Rodin et al, 1988;Lustberg and Reynolds, 2000). However, both Yokoyama et al (2010), andIkeda et al (2017) found that difficulty initiating sleep is more strongly associated with depression than early morning awakening. Moreover, other studies found combinations of different subtypes to be more strongly associated with depression than early morning awakening (Taylor et al, 2005;Espie et al, 2012).…”

The efficacy of ball blankets on insomnia in depression in outpatient clinics: study protocol for a randomized crossover multicentre trial

“…In this trial, early morning awakening is defined as the final morning awakening with a wake-up time ≥ 1 h prior to desired wake up time [14,24,25].…”