The Relationship Between some Large-scale Atmospheric Parameters and Rainfall over Southeast Asia: A Comparison with Features over India

Rainfall variability over South-east Asia—connections with Indian monsoon and ENSO extremes: new perspectives

“…Figure 2 reveals that the rainfall variations over central India, north China, north-west Thailand, central parts of Brunei and Borneo and the Indonesian region lying between 120 to 140 E are in phase, and show a high signi®cant positive relationship with IMR. Although Brunei and Borneo's main rainy months are during the winter period (November through to February), they do receive rainfall during the summer monsoon months (Kripalani and Kulkarni, 1997b). The Indonesian region (showing high positive signi®cant relationship with IMR) lying south of the equator between Celebes and New Guinea gets high rainfall during the northern summer monsoon period also (Kripalani and Kulkarni, 1997b).…”

“…Although Brunei and Borneo's main rainy months are during the winter period (November through to February), they do receive rainfall during the summer monsoon months (Kripalani and Kulkarni, 1997b). The Indonesian region (showing high positive signi®cant relationship with IMR) lying south of the equator between Celebes and New Guinea gets high rainfall during the northern summer monsoon period also (Kripalani and Kulkarni, 1997b). Thus extensive coherent regions showing in-phase variations with IMR occur over north China and the Indonesian region lying between 120 and 140 E. It is well known that the monsoon over north China is greatly in¯uenced by the West Paci®c subtropical high (Tao and Chen, 1987).…”

“…Basically this is an oceanic monsoon supported by disturbance activity, with the role of the north± south heat contrast minimal (Murakami and Matsumoto, 1994). As over India (Kripalani and Kulkarni, 1997a), the concept of phase-locking plays a dominant role in determining the extreme situations over Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. 19181923192519301932 5 À0Á9 À1Á3 À0Á5 À0Á9 À1Á2 À1Á0 2Á60* A 1939 1941 1951 1953 1957 1965 1969 7 À0Á9 À0Á4 À0Á1 1Á3 0Á7 À1Á0 0Á7 0Á0 T 1972 1976 2 À0Á9 À0Á4 Malaysia (annual) B 1939 1941 Figure 4 2 À0Á4 À2Á3 À1Á4 2Á32* A 1905 1911 1914 1918 1923 1925 1951 1953 8 À0Á2 À0Á4 0Á7 À0Á3 À0Á5 2Á2 0Á6 0Á8…”

“…Further, there have been distinct epochs of above (1880±1895, 1930±1963) and below (1895±1930, 1963±1990) normal rainfall over India. In a recent study, Kripalani and Kulkarni (1997a) have shown that the impact of El Nin Äo is more severe during the below normal epochs and that the epochal behaviour of IMR is not forced by the El Nin Äo/La Nin Äa frequencies. The general climatological and environmental information and the circulation features over this region are available (e.g.…”

Interannual and Interdecadal Variability of Thailand Summer Monsoon Season

“…Monsoon variability over Thailand has not been studied as widely as its counterparts in the Indian subcontinent and China. There have been some efforts to understand the relationship between rainfall over Thailand, Singapore, and Indonesia with Indian rainfall based on 20 yr of data before 1980 (1961-80) by Kripalani and Kulkarni (1997. In general, these investigations depicted a weak relationship between the summer rainfall over Thailand and Indian rainfall.…”