The Relationship Between Subjective Memory Complaints and Objective Memory Performance, Depression and Anxiety Levels in Patients Under 55 Years of Age

Subjective memory complaints in young people; their relationship with objective cognitive performance and the role of neuroticism

“…The association between SMCs and immediate episodic memory performance found in the present study is in line with previous studies with mixed-age samples (Montenegro et al, 2013;Ruiz-Sánchez et al, 2010Söğütlü & Alaca, 2019), but it is not consistent with Pearman (2009), who included only young people, as in this study. This mixed finding could be due to the task used to evaluate episodic memory.…”

“…To do so, we selected a sample of healthy young individuals with no known medical or psychological conditions that could explain either cognitive deficit or SMCs, per se. In previous literature, SMCs have been related to both memory and executive functions (Ruíz-Sánchez 2010; Söğütlü & Alaca, 2019). Despite this, because we assessed memory complaints, we expected them to be more related to memory performance than to executive function performance.…”

“…Some of these studies have found that SMCs could be close to deficits in attention (Ruiz-Sánchez, Llanero-Luque, Lozoya-Delgado, Fernández-Blázquez & Pedrero-Pérez, 2010;Ruiz-Sánchez, Pedrero-Pérez & Lozoya-Delgado, 2014;Söğütlü & Alaca, 2019) or visuospatial abilities (Ruiz-Sánchez et al, 2010), whereas the results for episodic and working memory and executive functions have been contradictory. Thus, some studies have reported significant relationships between SMCs and immediate episodic memory (Montenegro et al, 2013;Ruíz-Sánchez et al, 2010Söğütlü & Alaca, 2019), delayed episodic memory, (Ruíz-Sánchez 2010Söğütlü & Alaca, 2019), and working memory and executive functions (Ruíz-Sánchez 2010Söğütlü & Alaca, 2019), whereas others did not find associations between SMCs and delayed episodic memory (Mendes et al, 2008;Montenegro et al, 2013) or working memory and executive functions (Könen & Karbach, 2020). To the best of our knowledge, only three studies have exclusively included young people (18-35 years old) (Pearman, 2009;Unsworth, Brewer & Spillers, 2012;Wright & Osborne, 2005), and the results were inconsistent.…”

“…Likewise, neurotic people tend to report more mind-wandering during cognitive tasks, lower working memory capacity, and poorer attention control (Robison, Gath & Unsworth, 2017). In this regard, impulsivity, a facet of neuroticism, could explain the relationship between neuroticism and attention control and executive functions, which are partly responsible for memory consolidation (Robinson & Tamir, 2005;Ruíz-Sánchez 2010Söğütlü & Alaca, 2019;Unsworth et al, 2012). Mindwandering could also explain the relationship between neuroticism and memory processes, due to its effect on concentration on ongoing tasks and executive functions (Kane et al, 2017;Robinson et al, 2017).…”

Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on implicit motor learning and language‐related brain function: An fMRI study

“…Examining the effect of anodal tDCS on language‐related brain function during a verbal fluency task (VFT) may have very important clinical significance, as the VFT is considered one of the important neuropsychological tests, reflecting left frontal function, including the recognition of word production and working memory. Further, reduced performance and left frontal hypofunction during the VFT is also commonly known in schizophrenia and depression 28,29 . As well as stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1), by stimulation of the left DLPFC, anodal tDCS was reported to influence implicit/explicit learning in motor learning 30,31 .…”