The Relationship Between the Drive for Muscularity and Muscle Dysmorphia in Male and Female Weight Trainers

Robert, C; Munroe‐Chandler, Krista J.; Gammage, Kimberley L.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b3dc2f

Cited by 53 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For example, exercise dependence symptoms, as opposed to exercise amount, are implicated in the development and maintenance of both eating disorders (Bratland-Sanda, Martinsen, Rosenvinge, Rø, Hoffart & Sundgot-Borgen, 2011;Cook, Hausenblas, Tuccitto & Giacobbi, 2011) and drive for muscularity (Chittester & Hausenblas, 2009). High amounts of drive for muscularity are predictive of muscle dysmorphia (Robert, Munroe-Chandler & Gammage, 2009). Although exercise dependence symptoms are implicated in both muscle dysmorphia and eating disorders, the physique ideals of these two disorders are polar opposites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, our secondary purpose was to examine gender differences in exercise dependence. Because exercise dependence has been implicated in the development of muscle dysmorphia via drive for muscularity (Chittester & Hausenblas, 2009;Robert et al, 2009) and eating disorders (Bratland-Sanda et al, 2011), we hypothesized that no gender difference for exercise dependence symptom scores would exist for men exercising to gain weight and women exercising to lose weight (Szabo, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The moderating effect of gender on ideal-weight goals and exercise dependence symptoms

Cook¹,

Hausenblas²,

Rossi³

2013

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

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Background and aims:Exercise dependence is implicated in the development of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphic disorder. Although conceptually these disorders represent similar pathologies they largely affect different genders and result in opposite body composition, appearance, and ideal-weight goals (i.e., to gain or lose/maintain weight). Therefore, understanding individuals' ideal-weight goals related to engaging in exercise while simultaneously examining gender differences in exercise dependence symptoms may help to identify those whom may be most at-risk for eating disorders and muscle dysmorphic disorder. The purpose of our study was to examine the moderating effect of gender for exercise dependence symptoms in relation to weight gain, loss, or maintenance goals. Methods: Self-reported exercise behavior and exercise dependence symptoms (i.e., Exercise Dependence Scale) were assessed in 513 undergraduate students. Results: Our analysis revealed a moderating effect for gender on ideal-weight goals and a gender difference in exercise dependence symptoms. Specifically, men who were dissatisfied with their current weight reported more exercise dependence symptoms than women. Conclusions: These results support a growing body of research and extend our understanding of the relationships among exercise dependence and gender specific body-focused psychiatric disorders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The moderating effect of gender on ideal-weight goals and exercise dependence symptoms

Cook¹,

Hausenblas²,

Rossi³

2013

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

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“…32, nº 2 (mayo) La mayoría de estudios empleó varones usuarios de gimnasio (12 artículos), no obstante, es notorio que la investigación en este ámbito comienza a considerar muestras de mujeres (Hitzerot, et al, 2001;Lantz, et al, 2002;Robert et al, 2009), y hombres homosexuales o bisexuales (Chaney, 2008;.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…A pesar de que la DM se presenta en mayor proporción en hombres que en mujeres, en esta revisión se encontró que, 3 investigaciones consideraron muestras con mujeres usuarias de gimnasio que también practicaban el levantamiento de pesas de las cuales una de ellas reportó que las mujeres realizaban mayores conductas de dieta y ejercicio en comparación con los varones (Robert, Chandler, y Gammage, 2009).…”

Section: Referenciaunclassified

Evaluación diagnóstica de la Dismorfia Muscular: Una revisión sistemática Diagnostic Evaluation of Muscle dysmorphia: A systematic review

2016

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Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las investigaciones realizadas sobre la evaluación diagnóstica de la Dismorfia Muscular (DM). Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases PsycINFO y Medline de 1997 a 2012, los descriptores fueron: "muscle dysmorphic disorder" "vigorexia" y "male". 17 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, de éstos, todos utilizaron los criterios diagnósticos propuestos por Pope et al. (1997). Aquellos con DM están preocupados por el tamaño corporal, levantan pesas de 3 a 7 días por semana, realizan dietas hiperproteicas y en ocasiones utilizan suplementos alimentarios y esteroides. En conclusión, los criterios de Pope et al. (1997) son la base para el diagnósti-co de DM y el DSM-5 los retoma al reconocer e incluir a la DM como una patología. Palabras clave: Dismorfia Muscular, vigorexia, revisión sistemática, Medline, PsycInfo.Title: Muscle Dysmorphia Diagnostic evaluation: a systematic review. Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the actual state of the Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) diagnostic evaluation. A systematic search of the Medline and PsycINFO databases was conducted, from 1997-2012, descriptors were "muscle dysmorphic disorder" "vigorexia" and "male". 17 studies met the inclusion criteria, of these, the diagnostic criteria proposed by Pope et al. (1997) were used by all. Those with MD are concerned about body size, lift weights 3-7 days a week, performed protein diets, sometimes they uses food supplements and steroids. In conclusion, Pope et al. (1997) criteria are the basis for the MD diagnosis and the DSM-5 take it to account to recognize and include the MD as a pathology. Key words: Muscle Dysmorphia, vigorexia, systematic review, Medline, PsycInfo. AntecedentesLa Dismorfia Muscular (DM) es un trastorno caracterizado por una preocupación excesiva con la idea de no tener un cuerpo suficientemente magro o musculoso, lo que conlleva renunciar a actividades sociales y laborales por la necesidad de ejercitarse (DSM-5 American Psychiatric Association, APA, 2013).Los antecedentes de la DM datan de 1993 cuando Pope y su equipo observaron, que en un grupo 108 físico-constructivistas varones, 9 de ellos se percibían como delgados, pequeños e insuficientemente musculosos, cuando en realidad eran grandes y fuertes. Inicialmente, Pope, Katz y Hudson (1993) nombraron a este padecimiento como "Anorexia Inversa" debido a las similitudes de manera inversa con la Anorexia Nervosa, posteriormente fue llamada como "Vigorexia" o "Complejo de adonis" (Pope, Phillips y Olivardia, 2000), sin embargo, el término utilizado actualmente dentro de la comunidad científica es el de Dismorfia Muscular (Pope, Gruber, Choi, Olivardia y Phillips, 1997).Respecto a la prevalencia, se estima que la población con mayor riesgo de padecer este trastorno, son aquellos que practican compulsivamente el levantamiento de pesas o físi-co-constructivistas y se estima que el 10% de ellos lo padecen (Pope, et al., 1997). En este sentido, es necesario aclarar que no se debe confundir a la DM con el...

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“…MD is considered a type of BDD, where individuals have a preoccupation with their muscularity and a fear that their bodies are too small [5,6]. The characteristics of MD are associated with those of BDDs including "an obsession with muscle tone and body building" [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of media exposure on body satisfaction and drive for muscularity in women

Negrin¹,

Skemp²,

Baumann³

2018

Front WomensHealt

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The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to media's "ideal body types" influences women's eating patterns, body satisfaction and drive for muscularity. A primary objective of this study was to examine the difference in drive for muscularity and the risk for the development of muscle dysmorphia (MD) between female athletes and non-athletes. A series of magazine covers were viewed, ranging from thin to muscular and toned, either before or after the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) was administered. It was hypothesized that exposure to images of what society defines as "ideal" body types before an assessment of self-perception and body appreciation will result in a stronger level of body dissatisfaction. It was also hypothesized that a drive for muscularity would be present in female competitive athletes, more so than non-athletes. Surveys were administered to measure body satisfaction, eating patterns, drive for muscularity and susceptibility for the development of MD. These surveys included the Intuitive Eating Scale (IES), Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and the Muscle Dysmorphia Index (MDI). The results suggest that a higher Body Mass Index (BMI) is correlated with non-athletes striving for thinness, while a lower BMI is correlated with competitive athletes developing a drive for muscularity and risking the development of MD. This research is important to determine the effects of media on female body appreciation and drive for muscularity. Furthermore, this study indicates that competitive female athletes may exhibit a higher level of drive for muscularity and thus, more characteristics of muscle dysmorphia.

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The Relationship Between the Drive for Muscularity and Muscle Dysmorphia in Male and Female Weight Trainers

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

The moderating effect of gender on ideal-weight goals and exercise dependence symptoms

The moderating effect of gender on ideal-weight goals and exercise dependence symptoms

Evaluación diagnóstica de la Dismorfia Muscular: Una revisión sistemática Diagnostic Evaluation of Muscle dysmorphia: A systematic review

The effect of media exposure on body satisfaction and drive for muscularity in women

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