The relationship between timing of onset of menarche and depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood

Abstract

Aims Girls who experience an earlier onset of menarche than their peers are at increased risk of depressive symptoms in mid-adolescence, but it is unclear if this association persists into adulthood. This study examines whether longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood vary according to timing of menarche. Methods About 4,864 female participants in the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children provided data on age at onset of menarche (assessed in repeated questionnaires from 8 to 17 years) and depressive symptoms across nine time points (13 to 26 years) using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. We compared patterns of depressive symptoms in girls with ‘early’ (<11.5 years), ‘normative’ (11.5 to 13.5 years) and ‘late’ (≥13.5 years) menarche using a linear spline multilevel growth curve model adjusted for indicators of socioeconomic position, father absence and body mass index. Results Early, compared with normative, menarche was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms at age 14 (imputed adjusted estimated difference = 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44, 1.45), but the association attenuated at 24 years (0.24 [−0.72, 1.19]). Late menarche, compared with normative, was associated with a lower level of depressive symptoms at age 14 (−0.69 [−1.10, −0.29]), but this association also attenuated at 24 years (−0.15 [−0.92, 0.62]). Conclusions This study did not find a persistent effect of early menarche, compared to normative, on depressive symptoms. However, our findings are consistent with the level of depressive symptoms increasing at the onset of menarche irrespective of timing. The late onset girls ‘catch up’ with their peers who experience menarche earlier in terms of depressive symptoms. Future studies should continue to assess the impact of timing of menarche further into adulthood.

Temporal trend of age at menarche in Korean females born between 1927 and 2004: a population-based study

“…Age at menarche has significant health implications. Early menarche is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, depression, type 2 diabetes, and overall mortality (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Age at menarche can be affected by various factors, including genetics, the escalating global obesity epidemic, and the pervasive presence of endocrine disruptors (6, 7).…”