The Relationship of Dosage of a Drug to the Size of the Animal Treated, especially in regard to the Cause of the Failures to Cure Trypanosomiasis, and other Protozoan Diseases in Man and in Large Animals

Moore, Benjamin

doi:10.1042/bj0040323

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…It follows that in the accurate measurement and standardisation of toxic substances and antitoxins it will now be possible to make use of animals of different weights within a given species instead of using only animals of an arbitrarily selected weight, as has hitherto been necessary. 4. Eesults in dosage calculated from one species of animal cannot directly be applied to another species merely by taking surface into due consideration, since tolerance and intolerance are specific characters which are shown to be in many cases independent of the size of the species concerned.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently the surface relation (Wi) was taken up by B. Moore (4) in an interesting communication dealing with the dosage of drugs, and especially with the therapeutic action of atoxyl and various other compounds of the heavy metals in the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Moore came to the conclusion that, in regard to these drugs, tolerance was limited by the surface area of the mucous membrane of 320 Prof. G. Dreyer and Dr. E. W. A. Walker.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The determination of the minimal lethal dose of various toxic substances and its relationship to the body weight warm-blooded animals, together with considerations bearing on the dosage of drugs

Dreyer

Walker

1914

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B.

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In the course of investigations on the production, distribution, and rate of disappearance in the body of immune substances, we were occupied in 1908 and previous years with a series of experiments on agglutinins, and we arrived at conclusions pointing to their close relationship to the blood and blood-forming organs (1, 2). In association with these inquiries, one of us (G. D.), together with W. Ray, published a communication on the relationship between the blood volume and the distribution of agglutinins within the circulation (3). It was there shown that the concentration of this substance (agglutinin) in the blood after inoculation into an animal was proportional to the body surface of the animal concerned, and was thus approximately proportional to the two-thirds power of the weight. Hence was deduced the conclusion that the blood volume of the animals examined was proportional to their body surface.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The determination of the minimal lethal dose of various toxic substances and its relationship to the body weight warm-blooded animals, together with considerations bearing on the dosage of drugs

Dreyer

Walker

1914

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B.

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“…Moore [33] suggested nearly 90 years ago that for the great majority of drugs the method of stating dosage as so much per kilogram should be abandoned. The per-kilogram model is inaccurate in the lower age ranges.…”

Section: Modelling For Size In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Errors of Drug Administration in Infants

Anderson¹,

Ellis²

1999

Pediatric Drugs

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Drug administration errors are common in infants. Although the infant population has a high exposure to drugs, there are few data concerning pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, or the influence of paediatric diseases on these processes. Children remain therapeutic orphans. Formulations are often suitable only for adults; in addition, the lack of maturation of drug elimination processes, alteration of body composition and influence of size render the calculation of drug doses complex in infants. The commonest drug administration error in infants is one of dose, and the commonest hospital site for this error is the intensive care unit. Drug errors are a consequence of system error, and preventive strategies are possible through system analysis. The goal of a zero drug error rate should be aggressively sought, with systems in place that aim to eliminate the effects of inevitable human error. This involves review of the entire system from drug manufacture to drug administration. The nuclear industry, telecommunications and air traffic control services all practise error reduction policies with zero error as a clear goal, not by finding fault in the individual, but by identifying faults in the system and building into that system mechanisms for picking up faults before they occur. Such policies could be adapted to medicine using interventions both specific (the production of formulations which are for children only and clearly labelled, regular audit by pharmacists, legible prescriptions, standardised dose tables) and general (paediatric drug trials, education programmes, nonpunitive error reporting) to reduce the number of errors made in giving medication to infants.

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“…Nearly, 90 years ago there was a suggestion that for the great majority of the drugs, the starting dose as so much per kilogram should be abandoned. [55] The relationship of dosage of a drug to the size of an animal treated, especially in regard to the failures to cure in trypanosomiasis, and other protozoan diseases in man and in other large animals, is the simple example of failure of such dosing protocols. The critical issue in AD, which is an IMD, is the quantity and quality of IR rather than the body weight of the individual.…”

Section: Dosing Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: A review

Chandrashekara¹

2012

Indian J Pharmacol

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Autoimmune disease (AD) is one of the emerging noncommunicable diseases. Remission is a possibility in AD, but current treatment strategies are not able to achieve this. We have well-established protocols for infections, oncology, metabolic diseases, and transplantation which are often used as models for the management of AD. Studies and observations suggest that in contrast to diseases used as a role model, AD has wide variability, different causative and pathogenic process, which is highly dynamic, making the current treatment strategies to fall short of expected complete remission. In this brief review, it is attempted to highlight the current understanding of AD and the probable gaps in the treatment strategies. Few hypothetical suggestions to modify the treatment protocols are presented.

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The Relationship of Dosage of a Drug to the Size of the Animal Treated, especially in regard to the Cause of the Failures to Cure Trypanosomiasis, and other Protozoan Diseases in Man and in Large Animals

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

The determination of the minimal lethal dose of various toxic substances and its relationship to the body weight warm-blooded animals, together with considerations bearing on the dosage of drugs

The determination of the minimal lethal dose of various toxic substances and its relationship to the body weight warm-blooded animals, together with considerations bearing on the dosage of drugs

Common Errors of Drug Administration in Infants

The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: A review

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