“…However, Kazakhstan is also a hub for renewable energy sources. Thanks to its location, the country has a wealth of solar, geothermal, biofuel, hydroelectric, and wind energy resources (Zhussipova et al, 2023;Mashirova et al, 2023;Xiong et al, 2015;Ongarova, 2018;Bolganbayev et al, 2021;Niyetalina et al, 2023;Kelesbayev et al, 2022b;Abbasi et al, 2022;Li et al, 2022).…”