The Relationship of Family Size and Composition To Fertility Desires, Contraceptive Adoption and Method Choice in South Asia

Jayaraman, Anuja; Mishra, Vinod; Arnold, F. E.

doi:10.1363/3502909

Cited by 90 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In the present study it was found that women had sterilization mostly after 3 male children. Others have also reported that this pattern which has persisted, and the likelihood of using sterilisation was positively associated with an increase in the number of sons at all parities [7][8][9]. In the present study, only few had sterilization, that too after 3 male live children.…”

Section: Journal Of Contraceptive Studies Issn 2471-9749supporting

confidence: 65%

“…Women had 7 live female children without thought of limitation of family. Also studies in several countries, including India, have found that families without sons are less likely to use even temporary contraception than are families with sons [4][5][6][7]. Most of these studies, however, focussed exclusively on the effect of son preference and/or sex composition, on the use of temporary methods of contraception, largely ignoring sterilisation, a permanent method.…”

Section: Journal Of Contraceptive Studies Issn 2471-9749mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lack of Small Family Norms in low Resource Settings

Chhabra¹

2018

J Contracept Stud

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Section: Journal Of Contraceptive Studies Issn 2471-9749supporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Journal Of Contraceptive Studies Issn 2471-9749mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of Small Family Norms in low Resource Settings

Chhabra¹

2018

J Contracept Stud

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“…Sterilization particularly of female, dominates all modern methods used [11][12][13][14]. Adolescents on the other hand have their reproductive careers ahead of them, their needs are rather to postpone or space pregnancies, which requires reversible and noninvasive methods.…”

Section: Contraception In Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Contraceptive Methods: Needs, Options and Utilization

Jain

Muralidhar

2011

J Obstet Gynecol India

101

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Objectives Background-Contraception is the intentional prevention of conception through the use of various devices, sexual practices, chemicals, drugs or surgical procedures. An effective contraception allows a physical relationship without fear of an unwanted pregnancy and ensures freedom to have children when desired. The aim is to achieve contraception in maximum comfort and privacy, with minimum cost and side effects. Some methods, like male and female condoms, also provide twin advantage of protection from sexually transmitted diseases. The burden of unsafe abortion lies primarily in developing countries. Here, contraceptive prevalence is measured among currently married women of reproductive age, and levels have not yet reached those that exist in developed countries. Conclusion In countries like India, there is a dire need for contraceptive methods to be more women friendly, accessible and provide adequate privacy. Providers also need to be sensitive to special needs of adolescents as they are at a critically vulnerable segment.

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“…12,14,15 Indeed, the desire for sons is positively associated with the desire for more children 16,17 and the total fertility rate, 18 and negatively associated with contraceptive use. 16,17 In Nepal, for example, the fertility rate is about 6% higher than it would be in the absence of son preference. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Desire for Sons and Excess Fertility: A Household-Level Analysis of Parity Progression in India

Chaudhuri¹

2012

IPSRH

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Sons are considered more valuable than daughters in India. Son preference is deeply rooted in various patriarchal practices, including a patrilineal inheritance system, a patrilocal marriage system, the social custom of dowry and the dependence of aging parents on sons.1-9 A major demographic outcome of son preference is that the proportion of living sons in a family influences the probability that the parents will procreate further. Known variously as differential stopping behavior, 10,11 son-targeting fertility behavior 1 and asymmetric procreation behavior, 12 childbearing driven by a desire for sons occurs when parents continue to progress to higher parities, within a maximum limit, until they have the desired number of sons. Parity progression driven by a desire for sons has several demographic and health ramifications. First, if prenatal sex detection and abortion are unavailable, parental desire for a certain number of sons will increase the average family size. Biologically, only 26% of couples who want two sons will have fulfilled this desire after two births. 12,13 Even after having six children, about 10% of couples will have been unable to achieve their goal of having two sons. Thus, to the extent that it is the prevalent means of fulfilling the desire for sons, parity progression delays India's demographic transition by keeping fertility rates higher than they would be otherwise, because parents who have not achieved their "son target" continue to procreate. 12,14,15 Indeed, the desire for sons is positively associated with the desire for more children 16,17 and the total fertility rate, 18 and negatively associated with contraceptive use. 16,17 In Nepal, for example, the fertility rate is about 6% higher than it would be in the absence of son preference. 15Second, parity progression driven by a desire for sons may result in imbalances in the sex ratio by family size. Although the desire for sons has considerable bearing on fertility, it does not distort the overall population sex ratio;19 if parity progression is the only method of fulfilling the desire for sons, then the population will be large but balanced. However, the desire for sons can skew the sex ratio by family size: Smaller families will have a disproportionate number of sons, because parents whose first children are male may decide to stop childbearing, while larger families will have a disproportionate number of daughters, because parents whose first children are daughters will likely continue having children. 1,10 Consequently, boys will tend to grow up in smaller families with fewer siblings and girls in larger families with more siblings, and girls will be more likely than boys to be born at earlier parities.

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The Relationship of Family Size and Composition To Fertility Desires, Contraceptive Adoption and Method Choice in South Asia

Cited by 90 publications

References 18 publications

Lack of Small Family Norms in low Resource Settings

Lack of Small Family Norms in low Resource Settings

Contraceptive Methods: Needs, Options and Utilization

The Desire for Sons and Excess Fertility: A Household-Level Analysis of Parity Progression in India

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