“…Further extensions of the transactional model have been proposed to explain childhood psychopathology and suggest that parenting variables may exacerbate childhood internalizing and externalizing behavior problems [16,17]. Indeed, empirical research suggests that parenting stress is predictive of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems [12,[18][19][20], and that higher levels of parenting stress can negatively affect childhood behavior problems through multiple processes. For example, parenting stress has been found to interfere with the parent's ability to discipline his or her child adequately [21], as well as negatively impact the parent's ability to manage his or her child's behavior [13][14]21], to decrease parental problem-solving skills [22], and finally, to impair the parent's ability to take control and responsibility for his or her child's behavior [23].…”