The relationships and interactions between age, exercise and physiological function

Lazarus, Norman R.; Lord, Janet M.; Harridge, Sdr

doi:10.1113/jp277071

Cited by 49 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Aging is an irreversible, multifactorial and stochastic process [ 1 , 2 ] where not necessarily, nor homogeneously, the capabilities and integrative adaptive responses of the older adults [ 3 ] deteriorate [ 4 , 5 ]. This is due, but not limited, to impaired metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine functions [ 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]; structural, physiological and functional changes in the musculoskeletal system [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]; the worsening of the coupling of fascial tissue, skeletal muscle and nerves [ 11 ] and altered neural regulation, with autonomic dysfunction [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 12 ] and reduced immune and anti-inflammatory responses [ 2 , 5 , 13 ]. This comprehensive deterioration results in the worsening of physical and mental conditions, functionality and quality of life [ 4 , 9 ], leading to the vicious cycle of immobilism and aging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short and Long-Term Trainability in Older Adults: Training and Detraining Following Two Years of Multicomponent Cognitive—Physical Exercise Training

Blasco-Lafarga

Cordellat

Forte

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Despite the benefits of multicomponent physical–cognitive training programs (MCCogTPs), lower training intensities in the concurrent approach, and bigger heterogeneity with aging, suggest the need for long-term analyses, with special attention to training and detraining in older adults. The present study aims to examine these training/detraining effects in a two year MCCogTP, looking for specific dynamics in the trainability of their physical and cognitive capacities. The intervention was divided into four periods: T1, T2 (8 months of training each), and D1, D2 (3.5 months of detraining plus 0.5 of testing each). Twenty-five healthy seniors (70.82 ± 5.18 years) comprised the final sample and were assessed for cardiovascular fitness (6-minutes walking test), lower-limbs strength (30-seconds chair-stand test) and agility (8-feet timed up-and-go test). Inhibition (Stroop test) was considered for executive function. Physical and cognitive status improved significantly (p < 0.05) throughout the two years, with larger enhancements for physical function (mainly strength and agility). Strength and cardiovascular fitness were more sensitive to detraining, whilst agility proved to have larger training retentions. Inhibition followed an initial similar trend, but it was the only variable to improve along D2 (d = 0.52), and changes were not significant within periods. Notwithstanding aging, and the exercise cessation in D2, physical and cognitive status remained enhanced two years later compared to baseline, except for lower-limb strength. According to these results, basic physical capacities are very sensitive to training/detraining, deserving continuous attention (especially strength). Both reducing detraining periods and complementary resistance training should be considered. Additionally, physical enhancements following MCcogTPs may help cognition maintenance during detraining.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short and Long-Term Trainability in Older Adults: Training and Detraining Following Two Years of Multicomponent Cognitive—Physical Exercise Training

Blasco-Lafarga

Cordellat

Forte

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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show abstract

“…Hunter: Mov Sport Sci/Sci Mot 2019, 104, 5-12 Trappe et al, 1996). The similar reductions in elite athletic performance and VO 2max within longitudinal studies support the use of Masters athletic performance as a proxy for healthy human aging independent of the effects of reduced physical activity Lazarus et al, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Because elite athletes maintain high levels of physical activity, older elite athletes (Masters athletes) may serve as a proxy for the best of healthy human aging. Cardiorespiratory fitness, measured as maximal or peak oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) during intense exercise such as running or bicycling, for example, is one of the best indices of healthy aging (Lazarus, Lord, & Harridge, 2019) and is an important prognostic factor of mortality (Myers et al, 2002). The reduction in VO 2max across the lifespan is reported to be ∼9-10% per decade for men (Heath, Hagberg, Ehsani, & Holloszy, 1981) and women (Fitzgerald, Tanaka, Tran, & Seals, 1997), indicating a ∼1% decline each year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are masters athletic performances predictive of human aging in men and women?

Senefeld

Hunter

2019

Mov Sport Sci/Sci Mot

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Human aging particularly after ∼70 years, is associated with declines in physical function and athletic performance, that are accelerated in part by age-associated declines in physical activity and exercise training. Because elite athletes maintain high levels of physical activity across the lifespan, older athletes (Masters) may present as a proxy for healthy human aging. Although longitudinal studies are most informative about human aging, there are substantial practical challenges to conducting longitudinally designed research. Masters athletic records and comparisons of performance across age groups can serve as a practical and unique probe to predict the trajectory of human function throughout the lifespan. While useful, the cross-sectional comparison of elite athletic performance across different age groups, however, has inherent limitations in predicting healthy human aging, particularly among women. This review presents evidence that (1) there is a progressive age-related decline in world class performances in freestyle swim swimming, marathon, and triathlon, that accelerates into very old age (∼70 years), and (2) lower participation rates of women relative to men results in an overestimation of the age-related decline in athletic performance particularly in very old women. Thus, while useful, there are some limitations to predicting biological aging among women using current Masters Athletic performances.

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“…It follows that individuals who frequently engage in exercise in hot environments may too develop adaptations that attenuate the age‐related decline in thermoregulatory function, albeit the specific ‘dose’ required to induce those adaptations requires further exploration. Nonetheless, these outcomes underscore the importance of regular physical activity for preserving physiological function with ageing (Lazarus, Lord, & Harridge, 2019), particularly given the increasing frequency of extreme heat (Watts et al., 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of aerobic fitness on the relation between age and whole‐body heat exchange during exercise‐heat stress: a retrospective analysis

Notley

Meade

Kenny

2020

Experimental Physiology

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New Findings What is the central question of this study?Does higher aerobic fitness, indexed by peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2normalpeak), attenuate the age‐related decline in thermoregulatory function during exercise in the heat? What is the main finding and its importance?When assessed in aerobically fit and less fit adults (V̇O2normalpeak: ∼30 vs. ∼50 ml kg−1 min−1) aged 18–66 years, a steeper decline in whole‐body total heat loss (evaporative + dry heat exchange) was observed with increasing age in less aerobically fit adults. These outcomes indicate that increased aerobic fitness may attenuate the age‐related decline in thermoregulatory function during exercise‐heat stress. Abstract Ageing is associated with decrements in cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating that attenuate whole‐body total heat loss (evaporative + dry heat exchange) during exercise‐heat stress. However, it remains uncertain whether increased aerobic fitness, as indexed by peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2normalpeak), slows that age‐related decline. To evaluate this possibility, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data from aerobically fit (n = 38; V̇O2normalpeak: (mean (SD)) 49 (4) ml kg−1 min−1) and less fit (n = 35; V̇O2normalpeak: 32 (3) ml kg−1 min−1) adults spanning a broad age range (18–65 vs. 18–66 years). Participants performed three, 30 min bouts of cycling at metabolic heat productions of 150, 200 and 250 W m−2, each separated by 15 min recovery, in dry heat (40˚C, ∼15% relative humidity). Metabolic heat production and whole‐body total heat loss were measured using indirect and direct calorimetry, respectively. Total heat loss (mean (95% CI)) declined at a rate of 5 (2, 8), 6 (3, 8) and 5 (3, 10) W m−2 per decade during exercise at metabolic heat productions of 150, 200 and 250 W m−2, respectively, in less aerobically fit individuals (all P ≤ 0.002), due primarily to reductions in evaporative heat loss. In contrast, no significant associations between age and total heat loss were observed in aerobically fit individuals (all P ≥ 0.146). As such, the slope of the age‐related reduction in total heat loss was steeper in less fit compared to fit individuals across all three exercise bouts (all P ≤ 0.029). These outcomes indicate that increased aerobic fitness attenuates the age‐related decline in exercise thermoregulation.

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The relationships and interactions between age, exercise and physiological function

Cited by 49 publications

References 87 publications

Short and Long-Term Trainability in Older Adults: Training and Detraining Following Two Years of Multicomponent Cognitive—Physical Exercise Training

Short and Long-Term Trainability in Older Adults: Training and Detraining Following Two Years of Multicomponent Cognitive—Physical Exercise Training

Are masters athletic performances predictive of human aging in men and women?

Effect of aerobic fitness on the relation between age and whole‐body heat exchange during exercise‐heat stress: a retrospective analysis

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