The relationships between distance factors and international collaborative research outcomes: A bibliometric examination

The role of geographical proximity in knowledge diffusion, measured by citations to scientific literature

“…The impact of geographic distance on knowledge flows is studied by means of a linear regression model, controlling for other variables such as the stock of publications produced in the period under observation, in each cited and each citing territory, as a proxy for the "scientific potential" of the territories considered. 6 In the literature, this method of measuring geographic distance has been adopted in Maurseth and Verspagen, 2002;Broekel and Mueller, 2018;Ahlgren, Persson and Tijssen, 2013;Jiang, Zhu, Yang, Xu, and Jun, 2018. Some scholars have instead adopted the travel time between two points (Crescenzi, Nathan, & Rodríguez-Pose, 2016;Ponds, Van Oort & Frenken, 2007).…”

Research leadership flow determinants and the role of proximity in research collaborations

“…It measures the research collaborations at the country level (Gui et al, 2018, Jiang et al, 2018 The distance between collaborating institutions It measures the research collaboration at the institution level (Fernandez et al, 2016) The distances between the biggest cities of the two countries It measures the research collaborations at the country level (Plotnikova & Rake, 2014) The distance between the geographic centers of the regions It measures the research collaboration at the regional level (Bergé, 2017, Scherngell & Hu, 2011.…”

“…Absolute difference in real GDP per capita It measures research collaboration at country level (Jiang et al, 2018) Absolute difference of gross regional product It measures research collaboration at regional level in China (Scherngell & Hu, 2011 Sciences" by 95 Chinese institutions, and 3,414 articles in "Humanities & Art" by 41Chinese institutes.…”

“…With the recent trend of the increasing size of multi-institution authorship, the effect of research leadership is becoming even more significant (Wang & Wang, 2017). Second, although Boschma (2005) identified five notions of proximity (geographical, cognitive, institutional, organizational, and social), most studies failed to systematically and comprehensively examine the relationships between these key identified factors and research collaboration (Fernández, Ferrándiz, & León, 2016;Jiang et al, 2018). There are, to the best of our knowledge, only two studies involving all five proximity dimensions, but these two studies used static data without revealing the evolution of these five proximities (Plotnikova & Rake, 2014, Fernandez et al, 2016.…”

“…Existing research mainly focuses on examining the geographic, socioeconomic, and cognitive proximity as potential determinants of research collaboration using a gravity model (Hoekman, Frenken, & Tijssen, , Plonikova & Rake, 2014, Sidone, Haddad, & Mena‐Chalco, ). To summarize, the intensity of research collaboration is greater if researchers are closer to each other geographically (physical distance between the researchers/institutions/countries) (Fernandez, Ferrandiz, & León, 2016, Jiang, Zhu, Yang, Xu, & Jun, ); socioeconomic factors such as educational R&D are positively correlated with research activities (Wagner, Park, & Leydesdorff, ); the cognitive factors such as the similarity in research topics also influence the intensity of research collaboration (Gilsing, Nooteboom, Vanhaverbeke, Duysters, & van den Oord, ). Therefore, understanding the proximity effect is important to characterize research collaborations.…”