The Relationships between Gut Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus, and Treatments for Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is considered to be a global epidemic. The combination of genetic susceptibility and an unhealthy lifestyle is considered to be the main trigger of this metabolic disorder. Recently, there has been increased interest in the roles of gut microbiota as a new potential contributor to this epidemic. Research, in recent years, has contributed to an in-depth characterization of the human microbiome and its associations with various diseases, including metabolic diseases and diabetes mellitus. It is known that diet can change the composition of gut microbiota, but it is unclear how this, in turn, may influence metabolism. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the pathogenetic association between microbiota and diabetes and to explore any new therapeutic agents, including nutraceuticals that may modulate the microbiota. We also look at several mechanisms involved in this process. There is a clear, bidirectional relationship between microbiota and diabetes. Current treatments for diabetes influence microbiota in various ways, some beneficial, but others with still unclear effects. Microbiota-aimed treatments have seen no real-world significant effects on the progression of diabetes and its complications, with more studies needed in order to find a really beneficial agent.

The Role of Nutritional Factors in the Modulation of the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in People with Autoimmune Diabetes

“…Understanding how the microbiota interacts with immune cells to create immune tolerance could enable the development of new therapeutic strategies for T1DM and improve the quality of life of people with T1DM. It is worth noting that some studies indicate the influence of dysbiosis on the occurrence of various types of diabetes: T1DM, T2DM, and T3DM [71, 215,216]. Diabetes changes the composition of the microbiota, and the altered microbiota affects the pathophysiology of the disease.…”

Potential Roles of the Gut Microbiota in Pancreatic Carcinogenesis and Therapeutics

“…Many studies in recent years have suggested that diabetes is closely associated with PC. Type 2 diabetes is often accompanied by moderate intestinal dysbiosis, which is characterized by increased numbers of Lactobacillus , Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and reduced abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Firmicutes ( Craciun et al., 2022 ) . The gut microbiota affects diabetes by affecting body mass, bile acid metabolism, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and gut hormone regulation ( Ren et al., 2017 ).…”

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Dysregulation of the Mycobiome and Archaeome and Distinct Oncogenic Characteristics according to Subtype and Gender in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

“…Studies of the human microbiome have revealed its important implications on the human body and the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases [ 15 , 16 ]. While early studies of the microbiome focused primarily on the interactions of gut flora with innate phenotypes [ 17 , 18 ], novel studies have characterized the microbiome as an important driver of various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [ 19 , 20 ], arthritis [ 21 , 22 ], Alzheimer’s [ 23 , 24 ], diabetes [ 25 , 26 ], cardiovascular disease [ 27 , 28 ] and cancer [ 29 ]. The intratumor microbiome in cancer has emerged as an important player in mediating effective immune response, treatment efficacy, and cell survival through the production of metabolites and downstream interactions within the tumor microenvironment [ 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”