The Relative Abundance of Hydrogen Isotopes

Bleakney, Walker; Gould, A.

doi:10.1103/physrev.44.265

Cited by 39 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Reaction of metals with water Some of the first examples of the deuterium isotope effect were observed in the reaction of water vapor with iron at 500°C. (24,97) and in the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid with zinc, aluminum, calcium, and sodium (65). The results of a large number of similar experiments have been reported; these data are summarized in table 10.…”

Section: Deuterium Isotope Effects In Heterogeneous Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 88%

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The Deuterium Isotope Effect

Wiberg¹

1955

Chem. Rev.

721

303

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Section: Deuterium Isotope Effects In Heterogeneous Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…(24,97) and in the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid with zinc, aluminum, calcium, and sodium (65). The results of a large number of similar experiments have been reported; these data are summarized in table 10.…”

Section: A Reaction Of Metals With Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Deuterium Isotope Effect

Wiberg¹

1955

Chem. Rev.

721

303

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“…While Chadwick was discovering the neutron, several tens of papers were written, in one years time, devoted to the study of deuterium. An illuminating summary of this early research was made by Bleakney and Gould [18]. In 1933, "deutons" were used as accelerated projectiles first at Berkeley [19], then at Caltech and at Cavendish.…”

Section: Discovery Of the Deuteronmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Deuteron: Structure and Form Factors

Garçon

Orden

2001

Advances in the Physics of Particles and Nuclei

177

176

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“…A rather complicated mass spectrometric determination of the H/D relative abundance (approximately 5,000:1) followed in 1933. Note that the H 3 þ /HD þ doublet could not be separated (Bleakney & Gould, 1933).…”

Section: Cathode Rays and Canal Raysmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mass spectrometry and isotopes: A century of research and discussion

Budzikiewicz

Grigsby²

2005

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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In 1815, the British physician William Prout had advanced the theory that the molecular masses of elements were multiples of the mass of hydrogen. This "whole number rule" (and especially deviations from it) played an important role in the discussion whether elements could be mixtures of isotopes. F. Soddy's discovery (1910) that lead obtained by decay of uranium and of thorium differed in mass was considered a peculiarity of radioactive materials. The question of the existence of isotopes came up when the instruments developed by J.J. Thomson and by W. Wien to study cathode and canal rays by deflection in electric and magnetic fields were steadily improved. In 1913, Thomson mentioned a weak line at mass 22 accompanying the expected one at mass 20 when he analyzed the mass spectrum of neon. Subsequently Aston obtained the mass spectrum of chlorine with masses at 35 and 37. Still in 1921, Thomson objected heavily to the idea of isotopes. The isotope problem was finally settled, but more accurate mass measurements showed that even isotopic weights differed to some extent from the whole numbers. Based on earlier ideas of P. Langevin and J.-L. Costa, F.W. Aston and A.J. Dempster developed the idea of packing fractions and mass defects due to the transformation of a portion of the matter comprising the atomic nucleus into energy. While the determination of the exact isotopic masses had improved over the years, the accurate determination of isotopic abundances remained a problem as long as photographic recording was used. Here especially A.O. Nier pioneered using dual collectors and compensation measurements. This was the prerequisite for the discovery that isotopic ratios varied somewhat in nature. M. Dole discovered the fractionation of oxygen isotopes by photosynthesis and respiration. Today 13C/12C-ratios are employed to detect adulterations of food and in doping analysis, and 14C/13C-ratios obtained by accelerator mass spectrometry are used for dating historical objects, just to give some examples.

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The Relative Abundance of Hydrogen Isotopes

Cited by 39 publications

References 37 publications

The Deuterium Isotope Effect

The Deuterium Isotope Effect

The Deuteron: Structure and Form Factors

Mass spectrometry and isotopes: A century of research and discussion

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