The Relative Contributions of the Disc and Zygapophyseal Joint in Chronic Low Back Pain

Charité total disc replacement—clinical and radiographical results after an average follow-up of 17 years

“…However, even with an ideal implantation technique the Charite´TDR can only achieve the repositioning of the anterior column, while the degenerative disorders of the posterior elements are not addressed. Furthermore, it can be assumed that the occurrence of anterior and posterior degenerative changes of the lumbar motion segments is closely related to each other [9,38,43]. It has been postulated by Dunlop that in cases of moderate to severe DDD facet joint arthritis always can be found as accompanying degenerative alteration of the posterior spine elements [15].…”

Vascular endothelial growth factor in degenerating intervertebral discs of rat caudal vertebrae

“…Jun Sato 1) 2) , Kazuhide Inage 1) , Masayuki Miyagi 3) , Yoshihiro Sakuma 4) , Kazuyo Yamauchi 1) , Masahiko Suzuki 1) , Masao Koda 1) , Takeo Furuya 1) , Junichi Nakamura 1) , Yawara Eguchi 5) , Miyako Suzuki 1) , Go Kubota 6) , Yasuhiro Oikawa 7) , Takeshi Sainoh 8) , Kazuki Fujimoto 1) , Yasuhiro Shiga 1) , Koki Abe 1) , Hirohito Kanamoto 1) , Masahiro Inoue 1) , Hideyuki Kinoshita 1) , Masaki Norimoto 1) , Tomotaka Umimura 1) , Kazuhisa Takahashi 1)…”

“…Structures considered as origins of nonspecific pain include muscles/fascia, intervertebral joints, the spinal cord and cauda equina, and intervertebral discs. Intervertebral disc-related pain accounts for approximately 45% of patients with lower back pain; therefore, discogenic lower back pain has gained particular attention 6,7) . Burke et al reported that inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6, nerve growth factor, and inflammatory intermediate substance, are increased in the intervertebral discs of patients with chronic discogenic lower back pain 8) .…”

Interventional pain management procedure for treating low back pain: anaesthesiologists should come forward

“…Hence, a diagnostic nerve block can be administered to test this hypothesis. 4 Based on several studies by Schwarzer et al, [5][6][7][8][9] Bogduk 10 postulated that precision diagnostic injections can assist in formulating a specific diagnosis in 70% to 80% of those who suffer from LBP.…”