SynopsisFatigue is a common and disabling symptom in breast cancer patients and survivors. A rather nebulous concept, fatigue overlaps with sleepiness and depressed mood. In this chapter, we cover methods for assessing fatigue; describe the occurrence of fatigue before, during and after initial treatment; present possible underlying mechanisms of fatigue; and, enumerate approaches to its treatment.
KeywordsFatigue; breast cancer; sleep; mood; fatigue assessment Fatigue is a common and frequently disabling symptom in cancer patients and cancer survivors. 1,2 Fatigue is also often a presenting symptom at cancer diagnosis. 3-5 Cancer fatigue differs from other manifestations of fatigue in that it is generally not alleviated by sleep or rest, is typically of greater duration and severity, is often associated with high levels of distress, and is disproportionate to the level of exertion. 6-11 Cancer-related fatigue often co-occurs with other troublesome symptoms such as pain, sleep disturbance, and depression. 12-14 Thus, the impact of cancer fatigue on health-related quality of life can be substantial, reducing the patient's engagement in work, personal and social activity. 2,15-17 Some studies have reported that fatigue in cancer patients has a greater negative impact on quality of life than all other symptoms, including nausea, pain and depression. 2,18 Treatment of cancer-related fatigue has been recently identified as a priority by the National Institutes of Health. 19 Specific to breast cancer, fatigue is reported by a substantial majority of patients during their initial treatment (surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy). In addition, although estimates vary widely, approximately 33% of individuals with breast cancer report persistent fatigue up to ten years into survivorship. 6,20,21 Fatigue is a rather nebulous symptom; hence, numerous definitions of this construct are found in the literature. 6,22 Complicating this situation is the fact that breast cancer patients and survivors commonly complain of both sleepiness and fatigue. 23 These terms are often used interchangeably, and both have been linked to decrements in various aspects of health-related Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. As is the case with pain, fatigue is a complaint that is almost always evaluated using self-report scales. 6,24 Therefore, by default, fatigue is ultimately defined by the instruments employed for its measurement. In the next section we provide an overview of several types of scales for assessing fatigue.
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Assessment of FatigueThere are numerous self-r...