The Relative Proportions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxygenated Derivatives in Accumulated Organic Particulates as Affected by Air Pollution Sources

Oda, Junko; Maeda, Isao; Mori, Toshio; Yasuhara, Akio; Saito, Yutaka

doi:10.1080/09593331908616755

Cited by 32 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The extracts were concentrated, dissolved in hexane, and then purified with 5 g of silica (deactivated by 5% distilled water) by gel column chromatography [17,18]. The first fractions were eluted with 14 mL of hexane, and the second fractions with 80 mL of 1% acetone/hexane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM₁₀from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter

Kishida

Mio

Imamura

et al. 2009

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM) with a diameter510 mm (PM 10 , 50% cut off) were investigated in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during 2003. In order to understand the dynamics of atmospheric PAHs in winter, the PAH concentrations in total PM and in the gaseous phase were investigated in the valley in December 2005. Total of 45 PAH compounds ( P 45PAHs) were analysed by high-resolution gas chromatography/ high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). In 2003, the P 45PAH concentrations in PM 10 ranged between 4.3 and 89 ng m À3 (annual average; 27 AE 24 ng m À3 ). The average concentrations of P 45PAHs in December 2005 were 210 AE 33 ng m À3 in total PM and 430 AE 90 ng m À3 in the gaseous phase. The P 45PAH concentration in PM accounted for more than 30% of the sum of their particulate and gaseous forms. Phenanthrene (Ph) was the most predominant compound in the gaseous phase, whereas four-to seven-ring PAHs were predominant in total PM. The highest values of P 45PAHs occurred in the winter and spring. Estimates of emission sources based on diagnostic molecular ratios showed that atmospheric PAHs in the Kathmandu Valley mainly originated from the exhaust gas of diesel engine. In the winter and spring, PAH pollution would be accelerated by the operations of brick kilns and the frequent formation of an atmospherically stable layer in the valley.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM₁₀from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter

Kishida

Mio

Imamura

et al. 2009

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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“…Burning of fossil fuels is an important source of pyrogenic PAHs in the environment. The particulate fractions of exhaust from gasoline and diesel‐powered vehicles contain 16 to 2,300 μg/g total 4‐ through 6‐ringed PAHs (Takada et al 1991; Oda et al 1998). Nearly all the PAHs derived from vehicular exhaust are deposited within about 50 m of roads (Harrison and Johnston 1985; Hewitt and Rashed 1990).…”

Section: Source Allocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: Identifying sources and ecological hazard

Neff

Stout²,

Gunster

2005

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

322

157

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are nearly ubiquitous contaminants of freshwater and marine sediments. Sediment PAHs are derived from combustion of organic matter, fossil fuels, and biosynthesis by microbes. Pyrogenic PAHs, particularly those associated with combustion particles (soot), have a low accessibility and bioavailability in sediments. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with petroleum, creosote, or coal tar in sediments may have a moderate accessibility/bioavailability, particularly if the PAHs are part of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) phase that is in contact with sediment pore water. We present a method for estimating the hazard of complex PAH assemblage in sediments to benthic organisms. Concentrations of all PAHs in sediment pore water are estimated by an equilibrium partitioning model relative to concentrations in bulk sediment. Predicted log K oc values can be used for predicting sediment/water partitioning of petrogenic PAH, but empirically derived log K d values are needed to predict partitioning of pyrogenic PAH. A hazard quotient (HQ) for each PAH is calculated as the ratio of the estimated concentration in pore water to the chronic toxicity of the PAH determined by a log K ow /toxicity model. Hazard quotients for all PAH in a sample are summed to produce a hazard index (HI), which is a measure of the worst-case estimated hazard of the sediment PAH to benthic organisms. The results of this study show that the integration of HI results with PAH source data provides insights into the causes of sediment toxicity that are useful in an ecological risk assessment.

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“…These same studies also found that fine PM from Los Angeles air samples contained 1,4-nahthoquinone and 9,10-phenanthroquinone at levels that were consistent with those from diluted vehicle exhaust. Other studies have demonstrated that nine of the oxygenated-PAHs in diesel soot from a passenger car were present at concentrations less than or equal to the levels emitted by a gasoline engine ( Oda et al, 1998 ). In a separate study performed with passenger automobiles, 9,10-anthraquinone, 9,10-phenanthroquinone, and aceanthrenequinone were uniquely associated with diesel particulates with no measurable amounts found in the exhaust particulates from gasoline-powered vehicles ( Jakober et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Research Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors and Trends Affecting the Identification of a Reliable Biomarker for Diesel Exhaust Exposure

Morgott

2014

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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The monitoring of human exposures to diesel exhaust continues to be a vexing problem for specialists seeking information on the potential health effects of this ubiquitous combustion product. Exposure biomarkers have yielded a potential solution to this problem by providing a direct measure of an individual's contact with key components in the exhaust stream. Spurred by the advent of new, highly sensitive, analytical methods capable of detecting substances at very low levels, there have been numerous attempts at identifying a stable and specific biomarker. Despite these new techniques, there is currently no foolproof method for unambiguously separating diesel exhaust exposures from those arising from other combustion sources.Diesel exhaust is a highly complex mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous components whose exact composition can be affected by many variables, including engine technology, fuel composition, operating conditions, and photochemical aging. These factors together with those related to exposure methodology, epidemiological necessity, and regulatory reform can have a decided impact on the success or failure of future research aimed at identifying a suitable biomarker of exposure. The objective of this review is to examine existing information on exposure biomarkers for diesel exhaust and to identify those factors and trends that have had an impact on the successful identification of metrics for both occupational and community settings. The information will provide interested parties with a template for more thoroughly understanding those factors affecting diesel exhaust emissions and for identifying those substances and research approaches holding the greatest promise for future success.

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The Relative Proportions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxygenated Derivatives in Accumulated Organic Particulates as Affected by Air Pollution Sources

Cited by 32 publications

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Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM₁₀from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter

Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM₁₀from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter

Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: Identifying sources and ecological hazard

Factors and Trends Affecting the Identification of a Reliable Biomarker for Diesel Exhaust Exposure

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The Relative Proportions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxygenated Derivatives in Accumulated Organic Particulates as Affected by Air Pollution Sources

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM10from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter

Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM10from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter

Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: Identifying sources and ecological hazard

Factors and Trends Affecting the Identification of a Reliable Biomarker for Diesel Exhaust Exposure

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Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM₁₀from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter

Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM₁₀from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter