The relative reinforcing value of sweet versus savory snack foods after consumption of sugar- or non-nutritive sweetened beverages

Casperson, Shanon; Johnson, LuAnn K.; Roemmich, James N.

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.028

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…No effects of NNSs on short-term food intake or subjective awareness of hunger were described in 39 studies (9 parallel RCTs [ 53 , 57 – 64 ], 22 cross-over RCTs [ 25 – 29 , 31 , 33 – 39 , 41 , 43 , 46 , 50 , 51 , 53 – 56 ], 7 non-RCTs [ 45 , 65 – 70 ] and 1 case-control study [ 71 ]); 10 studies described an increased [ 32 , 40 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 72 – 75 ], while 11 studies described a decreased food intake or appetite [ 30 , 42 , 48 , 76 – 83 ] in the NNSs intervention group as compared to the sugar-receiving or placebo group.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape

Lohner

Toews

Meerpohl

2017

Nutr J

140

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BackgroundFood products containing non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades. Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste. However, with the dramatic increase in their consumption, it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and, more importantly, potential adverse effects. The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent, range, and nature of research activity in this area.MethodsWe systematically searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases for studies on NNSs (artificial sweeteners or natural, non-caloric sweeteners, either used individually or in combination) using text terms with appropriate truncation and relevant indexing terms. All human studies investigating any health outcomes of a NNS intervention or exposure were eligible for inclusion. No studies were excluded based on language, study design or methodological quality. Data for each health outcome were summarized in tabular form and were discussed narratively.ResultsFinally, we included 372 studies in our scoping review, comprising 15 systematic reviews, 155 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 23 non-randomized controlled trials, 57 cohort studies, 52 case-control studies, 28 cross sectional studies and 42 case series/case reports.In healthy subjects, appetite and short term food intake, risk of cancer, risk of diabetes, risk of dental caries, weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes. Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes. Numerous health outcomes including headaches, depression, behavioral and cognitive effects, neurological effects, risk of preterm delivery, cardiovascular effects or risk of chronic kidney disease were investigated in fewer studies and further research is needed. In subjects with diabetes and hypertension, the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent.ConclusionsThis scoping review identifies the needs for future research to address the numerous evidence gaps related to health effects of NNSs use.It also specifies the research questions and areas where a systematic review with meta-analyses is required for the proper evaluation of health outcomes associated to regular NNSs consumption.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape

Lohner

Toews

Meerpohl

2017

Nutr J

140

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“…showed that consumption of a NNS‐sweetened beverage compared to a sugars‐sweetened beverage increased the reinforcing value of sweet snack foods relative to those that were salty/savoury (Casperson et al . ). This suggests that NNS intake may subsequently increase consumption of high sugars foods.…”

Section: Learned Responses To Sweet Tastementioning

confidence: 97%

“…For this reason, consumption of NNSsweetened beverages, and other NNS-sweetened food items, has been proposed to promote preference for sweetness, thus encouraging higher dietary energy intake. In a very recent study, Casperson et al showed that consumption of a NNS-sweetened beverage compared to a sugars-sweetened beverage increased the reinforcing value of sweet snack foods relative to those that were salty/savoury (Casperson et al 2017). This suggests that NNS intake may subsequently increase consumption of high sugars foods.…”

Section: Learned Responses To Sweet Tastementioning

confidence: 99%

Sweet sensing, homeostasis and hedonics in the human gut–brain axis

Stamataki

McLaughlin

2017

Nutrition Bulletin

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Consumption of added sugars has been associated with excessive energy intake, obesity and its comorbidities, while non‐nutritive sweeteners offer caloric‐free sweet taste and might be helpful in decreasing energy intake. The importance of gut–brain nutrient signalling in the regulation of food intake has recently become a field of extensive research; however, understanding about how nutritive and non‐nutritive sweet tastants affect gut–brain crosstalk is limited. Much of the research has focused on the effects of non‐nutritive sweeteners on gut function, especially after the demonstration that sweet taste receptors are also present in enteroendocrine cells. However, the majority of human studies have not confirmed a physiologically significant biological activity of non‐nutritive sweeteners, nor a role for gut sweet taste receptors in glucose and gut peptide postprandial responses, gastric emptying or appetite. The use of functional and physiological MRI scanning has enabled the investigation of human brain responses to sweet tastants. Imaging studies have demonstrated that the human brain is able to distinguish the sweet taste of caloric sugars from non‐nutritive sweeteners, most likely as a result of nutrient detection in the gut. More studies are required to explore the comparative effects of caloric sugars and non‐nutritive sweeteners on homeostatic, neurophysiological and hedonic signals, which may interact to determine the effects of sweet sensing.

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“…39 A single, small population study found that adults who consumed NNSs tend to prefer a sweet versus salty and/or savory snack after this ingestion. The authors suggest that NNS intake can increase the motivation for one to access sweet relative to savory snacks 88 and thereby alter energy balance in such a way that children who consume these agents are more likely to consume sugary food and drinks. 84 The temporal correlation between the increase in childhood overweight and obesity and the increase in intake of NNS-containing beverages is suggestive of a relationship.…”

Section: Impact Of Nnss On Appetite and Taste Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Children

2019

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The prevalence of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) in the food supply has increased over time. Not only are more children and adolescents consuming NNSs, but they are also consuming a larger quantity of NNSs in the absence of strong scientific evidence to refute or support the safety of these agents. This policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics is intended to provide the pediatric provider with a review of (1) previous steps taken for approved use of NNSs, (2) existing data regarding the safety of NNS use in the general pediatric population, (3) what is known regarding the potential benefits and/or adverse effects of NNS use in children and adolescents, (4) identified gaps in existing knowledge and potential areas of future research, and (5) suggested talking points that pediatricians may use when discussing NNS use with families This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have filed conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through a process approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication. The guidance in this statement does not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. All policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time.

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The relative reinforcing value of sweet versus savory snack foods after consumption of sugar- or non-nutritive sweetened beverages

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape

Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape

Sweet sensing, homeostasis and hedonics in the human gut–brain axis

The Use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Children

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