“…The mathematical methods mainly consist of three elements: statistical machine learning, model, strategy, and algorithm. A time series is a classic trend prediction method that assumes future values composed of patterns of current and historical data, and it is applied to constructing a model from historical data and then predict future data in machine learning (Caicedo-Torres & Payares, 2016;Mehmood et al, 2022;Qin et al, 2023;Sun & Lu, 2023). According to Calero-Sanz et al (2022), Jiang et al (2023), and Yang et al (2015), the tourism sector, especially the hotel industry, has adopted machine learning for forecasting room booking and cancellation, demand, prices, and occupancy.…”