The Release of a Neuroactive Agent by the American Cockroach after Exposure to DDT or Electrical Stimulation1

Sternburg, J. G.; Chang, Shen Chin; Kearns, C. W.

doi:10.1093/jee/52.6.1070

Cited by 37 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Messenger RNA for ITP‐L has been detected in the flight muscle of S. gregaria (Meredith et al ., 1996). Stress such as electrical stimulation or sustained hyperactivity has been shown to induce the disappearance of neurosecretory material from the CC of the cockroaches Blaberus craniifer and Periplaneta americana (Hodgson & Geldiay, 1959; Sternburg et al ., 1959). The absence of measurable amounts of immunoreactivity to ITP in haemolymph of exercise‐stressed locusts suggests that the increased levels of ITP‐L were not the result of a general release of neurosecretory material.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemolymph levels of Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide and ion transport‐like peptide

Audsley¹,

Meredith

Phillips

2006

Physiological Entomology

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Titres of ion transport peptide (ITP) and ion transport-like peptide (ITP-L) in the haemolymph of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria Forska˚l are investigated using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The estimated circulating levels of these two peptides are used to investigate their putative physiological roles. Haemolymph levels of ITP-L are significantly higher in fed and exercise-stressed locusts than in starved insects, suggesting a role for ITP-L in postfeeding osmoregulation and metabolism associated with stress. The higher titres of ITP-L in the final nymphal stadium could be related to increased levels of ecdysteroids over this same period. In addition detection of ITP-L in the brain and corpus cardiacum of the locust demonstrates for the first time that the ITP-L is expressed in these tissues. Immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against ITP is significantly higher in fed locusts compared with starved insects. However, >95% of this immunoreactivity elutes later than synthetic ITP when separated by HPLC. The results suggest that this more hydrophobic immunoreactivity is neither native ITP nor a metabolic breakdown product of ITP. Haemolymph levels of immunoreactivity to ITP during the last nymphal stadium are similar to ITP-L but, unlike ITP-L, there is no measured increase in immunoreactivity to ITP due to exercise stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemolymph levels of Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide and ion transport‐like peptide

Audsley¹,

Meredith

Phillips

2006

Physiological Entomology

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“…Application of a D D T solution to cerci in an isolated nerve-cord preparation, and electrical stimulation of the isolated nerve cord, both release this substance into the saline solution, so that it must be produced, at least in part, by the central nervous system, and may be involved in neuro-transmission. It is quite distinct from adrenalin, noradrenalin, histamine, y-aminobutyric acid, y-butyrobetaine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine, so it is probably not a normally occurring transmitter (Sternburg, Chang & Kearns, 1959). Isolated nerve cords treated with TEPP or TMPP (tetramethyl pyrophosphate) also release a neuroactive substance, probably the same as that produced by DDT, which may be an aromatic amine and an ester (Hawkins & Sternburg, 1964).…”

Section: 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sublethal Effects of Synthetic Insecticides on Insects

Moriarty

1969

Biological Reviews

100

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Summary The synthetic insecticides have been used in steadily increasing quantities since the Second World War and are non‐specific poisons, and so pose the possibility of sublethal effects on wild populations of animals. The organochlorine insecticides in general, and some of the cyclodienes in particular, are usually much more persistent than the organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, both in the environment and within individual insects. Analyses of samples suggest that traces of the organochlorines are widely dispersed over the entire globe. Although the evidence is incomplete, all of these synthetic insecticides appear to exert their primary toxic lesion by interference with the conduction of impulses in the nervous system. The complete pattern of events that ends in death includes the release of secondary toxins into the blood. These are probably physiologically active compounds, normally present, but liberated in excessive amounts by excessive nervous stimulation. A condition similar to the late, paralytic, stage of insecticidal poisoning can also be produced, in Periplaneta americana, by excessive physical stimulation and there are similarities in the physiological changes caused by both types of stimuli. This suggests that a generalized stress syndrome develops after excessive nervous stimulation. However, this similarity has so far only been demonstrated for this one insect species. Sublethal effects have so far only been looked for cursorily. Interpretation of sublethal effects is sometimes difficult; apparent differences between dosed and control individuals may sometimes be caused by selective mortality of the dosed individuals. Four main types of effect have been found. Latent toxicity, which is evident as a reduction of longevity or of death at particular developmental stages, has been found only with organochlorines, appears to be linked with fat metabolism, and shows clearly that sublethal effects may be produced a long time after acquiring a dose of a persistent insecticide. All types of synthetic insecticide can affect reproductive potential, and may increase or decrease the number of eggs produced. Egg fertility or development of offspring may also be affected. Reductions are sometimes caused directly by inhibition or distortion of ovary development, sometimes indirectly by reduced feeding. The few studies on behaviour have shown that activity may increase, feeding decrease, and the acceptance threshold of sucrose be lowered. DDT induces the formation of more detoxifying microsomal enzyme in Triatoma infestans. I suggest that latent toxicity and some behavioural changes are probably caused by direct effects on the nervous system, but that some of the other results may be secondary effects associated with the stress syndrome. There is also the possibility of direct insecticidal action on other systems. It is a pleasure to thank our librarian, Mrs Jean King, for her unfailing help in tracing references.

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“…Because the toxicant of Sternburg, Chang, and Kearns (30) has been found in DDT, TEPP, or electrical stimulation, showing no specificity of action, it is reasonable to suppose that it may be found in other insecticide treatment.…”

Section: Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%