The Release of Antimicrobial Agents from Solutions of Surface-Active Agents

Bactericidal activity of chloroxylenol in aqueous solutions of cetomacrogol

“…Since the death-times in these solutions are the same as in a saturated solution of chloroxylenol in water it is apparent that the bactericidal activity is due to the fraction of chloroxylenol present in the true aqueous "phase" and not to the amount of chloroxylenol in the micelles nor to the total amount present in the system. These findings are in agreement with the Ferguson principle (Ferguson, 1939) as developed by Allawala & Riegelman (1953a who showed that equitoxic solutions, both in water and in surface-active agents, are those having the same thermodynamic activity or degree of saturation and not the same concentration. (The reader is referred to the original papers for a full discussion of these concepts).…”

Further aspects of the physical chemistry of some non-ionic detergents

“…The solubilisation of iodine (Osol &Pines, 1952 ;Allawala & Riegelman, 1953a;1953b;Bartlett & Schmidt, 1957;Brost & Krupen, 1957;Hugo & Newton, 1963), and various dyes (Sheppard & Geddes, 1945 ;Rigg & Liu, 1953 ;Nakagawa, 1958 ;Riegelman, Allawala, Hrenoff & Strait, 1958), with their concomitant spectral changes, have similarly been the subject of varying opinion.…”

Interaction of Preservatives with Macromolecules I.

“…As demonstrated by Allawala and Riegelman (13,14) in their studies of iodine solubilized by surface-active agents, it is the thermodynamic activity rather than the stoichiometric concentration of the toxic substance which is related to the antimicrobial activity. Data obtained facilitate calculation o f t h e uantity of preservative which must be added to an aqueous system containing a z n o w n concentration of Tween@ 80 in order to have the desired concentration of unbound preservative.…”

“…As demonstrated by Allawala and Riegelman (13,14) in their studies of iodine solubilized by surface-active agents, it is the thermodynamic activity rather than the stoichiometric concentration of the toxic substance which is related to the antimicrobial activity. One of the examples which has most frequently been cited is that oi the inhibition of phenolic preservatives in the presence of surfactants which are polyether derivatives of fatty acid esters.…”

“…One of the examples which has most frequently been cited is that oi the inhibition of phenolic preservatives in the presence of surfactants which are polyether derivatives of fatty acid esters. As demonstrated by Allawala and Riegelman (13,14) in their studies of iodine solubilized by surface-active agents, it is the thermodynamic activity rather than the stoichiometric concentration of the toxic substance which is related to the antimicrobial activity. As demonstrated by Allawala and Riegelman (13,14) in their studies of iodine solubilized by surface-active agents, it is the thermodynamic activity rather than the stoichiometric concentration of the toxic substance which is related to the antimicrobial activity.…”