The Release of Non-Extractable Ferulic Acid from Cereal By-Products by Enzyme-Assisted Hydrolysis for Possible Utilization in Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

Abstract

The present work was undertaken to elucidate the potential contribution of biosynthetically produced ferulic acid (FA) via enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of rye bran (RB) to the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) during green synthesis. An analytical approach accomplished by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using triple quadrupole mass selective detection (HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS) of the obtained hydrolysate revealed a relative abundance of two isomeric forms of FA, i.e., trans-FA (t-FA) and trans-iso-FA (t-iso-FA). Further analysis utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index (HPLC-RID) detection confirmed the effectiveness of RB EH, indicating the presence of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation products in the hydrolysate, i.e., xylose, arabinose, and glucose. The purification process by solid-phase extraction with styrene-divinylbenzene-based reversed-phase sorbent ensured up to 116.02 and 126.21 mg g−1 of t-FA and t-iso-FA in the final eluate fraction, respectively. In the green synthesis of AgNPs using synthetic t-FA, the formation of NPs with an average size of 56.8 nm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The inclusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-40) in the composition of NPs during synthesis favorably affected the morphological features, i.e., the size and shape of AgNPs, in which as big as 22.4 nm NPs were engineered. Meanwhile, nearly homogeneous round-shaped AgNPs with an average size of 16.5 nm were engineered using biosynthetically produced a mixture of t-FA and t-iso-FA and PVP-40 as a capping agent. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed by the disk diffusion method and additionally supported by values of minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations. Given the need to reduce problems of environmental pollution with cereal processing by-products, this study demonstrated a technological solution of RB rational use in the sustainable production of AgNPs during green synthesis. The AgNPs can be considered as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to be used for developing new antimicrobial agents and modifying therapies in treating multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens.

Sustainable–Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Hyssopus officinalis and Calendula officinalis Extracts and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

“…Recent cutting-edge nanotechnology research has come with the development of plenty of nanoobjects demonstrating multiple functionalities and a range of applicability [13]. In particular, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) attract tremendous attention from researchers due to their multiple and simultaneous mechanisms of action in combination with antimicrobial agents [14].…”

“…A variety of studies have been performed in recent years aimed at the synthesis of AgNPs using a diverse range of plant materials such as Calotropis gigantea [22], Annona Squamosa [23], Acer oblongifolium [24], Cascabela thevetia [25], Cymbopogon citratus [26], Eucalyptus globulus, and Salvia officinalis [27]. However, due to the relative diversity and stability of secondary metabolites, green tea leaves are most frequently reported in the literature as a natural source of reducing agents used in the biosynthesis of AgNPs [13,28]. According to HPLC analysis of the phenolic profile before and after the green synthesis of Ag and gold (Au) NPs using Eucalyptus globulus bark extract, Santos et al [29] revealed that gallic acid and galloyl derivatives were primarily responsible for the reduction of Ag ions to NP.…”

Elaboration of Nanostructured Levan-Based Colloid System as a Biological Alternative with Antimicrobial Activity for Applications in the Management of Pathogenic Microorganisms

“…Later, 100.0 µL of 100 mM AgNO 3 solution was introduced drop-wise, thus providing 1 mM AgNO 3 in the final solution. In this research, NaOH was employed as an accelerator in the green biosynthesis of BL@AgNPs, as reported by Radenkovs et al [39]. Since fructose and fructose-type EPS BL are considered to be non-reducing sugar, their application in the green biosynthesis of AgNPs has not been reported so far.…”

Antimicrobial Antioxidant Polymer Films with Green Silver Nanoparticles from Symphyti radix

“…There are currently around 700,000 antibiotic resistance-related deaths each year, and by 2050, this number may increase to 10 million [11,12]. Hence, with the medical benefits of antibiotics decreasing rapidly, researchers have identified nanomaterials as promising alternative antibacterial agents [13]. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles have emerged as innovative antimicrobial materials for treating or preventing infectious diseases.…”

“…Extract of Symphyti radix was used in this research as a precursor for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) biosynthesis. AgNPs have been a center of interest for many researchers because of their promising results in terms of their antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties [13,34].…”