The relevance of the moment arm of shoulder muscles with respect to axial rotation of the glenohumeral joint in four positions

Kuechle, David K.; Newman, Stephen R.; Itoi, Eiji; Niebur, Glen L.; Morrey, B.F.; An, Kai Nan

doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(99)00081-9

Cited by 130 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…After the signal filtering, the mean of the five repetitions was calculated. The convention used for the angular positions was that the ER would have negative values and the IR would have positive values 8 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In which: T = torque; Fm = muscle force; dp = moment arm (between the muscle force action line and the rotation center of the shoulder) 8 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The moment arm (perpendicular distance) is the smallest distance between the line of muscle action and the center of joint rotation 4,7,8,9 . The magnitude of the moment arm represents the mechanical advantage of a muscle in a joint, and its measurement may assist in understanding how the muscle functions 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Critérios mecânicos para progressão de exercícios de rotação interna e externa do ombro no plano sagital

Toledo

Ribeiro

Loss

2007

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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Introduction: Knowledge of torque and force production capacity and moment arm patterns throughout the movement, and their influence on the torque produced, are essential for understanding human movement and may be of great use for controlling the overload imposed on the muscle-tendon structure. Objective: To present mechanical criteria for progression in internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) exercises of the shoulder in the sagittal plane. Method: Six individuals were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer and an electrogoniometer. From the data collected, the mean torque, mean resultant force and weighted mean moment arm were calculated using the SAD32 and Matlab ® software. Results: The angles at which the peak ER and IR torque occurred were -34° and 6º with values of 43 Nm and 69 Nm, respectively. The peaks for ER and IR muscle force were at 35º and -14º, and the values at these angles were 10227 N and 8464 N, respectively. The weighted mean moment arm for ER presented an increasing pattern over the whole range of motion (ROM) and the peak was at the end of the ROM, i.e. at -50º (0.91 cm). The weighted mean moment arm for IR was almost constant with its peak at 50º (0.96 cm). Conclusion: The mechanical criteria for progression in internal and external rotation exercises of the shoulder are torque, force and weighted mean moment arm because different overloads on the muscle-tendon structure can be caused according to their patterns over the ROM.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In which: T = torque; Fm = muscle force; dp = moment arm (between the muscle force action line and the rotation center of the shoulder) 8 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Critérios mecânicos para progressão de exercícios de rotação interna e externa do ombro no plano sagital

Toledo

Ribeiro

Loss

2007

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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“…Previous authors have measured muscle architecture (Amis et al, 1979;Bassett et al, 1990;Veeger et al, 1991Veeger et al, , 1997 and moment arms (Otis et al, 1994;Kuechle et al, 1997Kuechle et al, , 2000Hughes et al, 1998) at the shoulder. Due to parameter variability and covariance, it is advantageous to measure parameters in conjunction with one another, rather than to use parameters from different data-sets (Hoffer et al, 1989;Hoy et al, 1990;Loren et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in isometric force and moment generating capacity of glenohumeral external rotator muscles

Langenderfer

Patthanacharoenphon

Carpenter

et al. 2006

Clinical Biomechanics

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Background. Muscles which cause glenohumeral external rotation possess varying ability for generating force and moment due to differences in muscle architecture, moment arm, and the interaction of these two factors. This study's purpose was to determine a complete dataset of muscletendon parameters for predicting the moment generating capacity and force-length dependence for external rotation of infraspinatus, supraspinatus and teres minor muscles.Methods. Muscle fascicle length, sarcomere length, pennation angle, and muscle volume were measured for sub-regions of infraspinatus and supraspinatus, and teres minor from 10 glenohumeral specimens. Tendon excursion was measured for glenohumeral rotation. From these parameter measurements, optimal fascicle length, physiological cross-sectional area, muscle force-length dependence, and maximum isometric moment generating capacity were calculated.Findings. Substantial differences were found for optimal muscle length, physiologic cross-sectional area, and tendon length for the 10 specimens of this study. Muscle sub-region had a significant effect on the force-length relationship for infraspinatus (P < 0.001), but was not significant for supraspinatus (P = 0.49). For infraspinatus and supraspinatus, maximum isometric rotation moment capacity was greater at 10° versus 60° abduction (P < 0.001). Maximum isometric rotation moment capacity for the teres minor was greater at 10° versus 60° abduction (P < 0.01). Sub-regions demonstrated significant differences in isometric moment capacity (P < 0.001).Interpretation. Functional capabilities of these muscles depend on muscle architecture and moment arm as well as their combined effects. The results allow for development of stochastic and deterministic models of glenohumeral external rotation strength which can be used for prediction of muscle forces and joint moments.

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“…Patients with Type E tears without combined loss of active elevation and external rotation presumably have improved posterior deltoid recruitment. Additionally, there is biomechanical data that posterior deltoid fibers can impart an external rotation moment on the shoulder in an experimental model [1,16]. Boileau et al [2] and Costouros et al [5] reported on the importance of the teres minor on the outcome after latissimus dorsi transfer or reverse shoulder arthroplasty.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the Best Clinical Test for Assessment of the Teres Minor in Massive Rotator Cuff Tears?

Treseder

Denard

Neyton

et al. 2015

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background Few studies define the clinical signs to evaluate the integrity of teres minor in patients with massive rotator cuff tears. CT and MRI, with or without an arthrogram, can be limited by image quality, soft tissue density, motion artifact, and interobserver reliability. Additionally, the ill-defined junction between the infraspinatus and teres minor and the larger muscle-totendon ratio of the teres minor can contribute to error. Therefore, we wished to determine the validity of clinical testing for teres minor tears.Question/Purposes The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of commonly used clinical signs (external rotation lag sign, drop sign, and the Patte test) for diagnosing the teres minor's integrity. Methods We performed a prospective evaluation of patients referred to our shoulder clinic for massive rotator cuff tears determined by CT arthrograms. The posterosuperior rotator cuff was examined clinically and correlated with CT arthrograms. We assessed interobserver reliability for CT assessment and used three different clinical tests of teres minor function (the external rotation lag sign, dropOne of the authors certifies that he (PC), or a member of his or her immediate family, has or may receive payments or benefits, during the study period, an amount less than USD 10,000 from Storz (Guyancourt, France), and an amount of USD 10,000-USD 100,000 from Tornier (Montbonnot, France). One of the authors certifies that he (GW), or a member of his or her immediate family, has or may receive payments or benefits, during the study period, an amount of USD 100,001 to USD 1,000,000 from Tornier (Montbonnot, France). One of the authors certifies that he (PJD), or a member of his or her immediate family, has or may receive payments or benefits, during the study period, an amount of USD 10,000 to USD 100,000 from Arthrex (Naples, FL, USA). One of the authors certifies that he (LN), or a member of his or her immediate family, has or may receive payments or benefits, during the study period, an amount of USA 10,000 to USD 100,000 from Tornier (Montbonnet, France). 123Clin Orthop Relat Res (2015) 473:2959-2966 DOI 10.1007 Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® A Publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons® sign, and the Patte test). One hundred patients with a mean age of 68 years were available for the analysis. Results The most accurate test for teres minor dysfunction was an external rotation lag sign greater than 40°, which had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 80%-100%) and a specificity of 92% (95% CI, 84%-96%). External rotation lag signs greater than 10°had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 80%-100%) and a specificity of 51% (95% CI, 40%-61%). The Patte sign had a sensitivity of 93% (95% CI, 70%-99%) and a specificity of 72% (95% CI, 61%-80%). The drop sign had a sensitivity of 87% (95% CI, 62%-96%) and a specificity of 88% (95% CI, 80%-

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The relevance of the moment arm of shoulder muscles with respect to axial rotation of the glenohumeral joint in four positions

Cited by 130 publications

References 11 publications

Critérios mecânicos para progressão de exercícios de rotação interna e externa do ombro no plano sagital

Critérios mecânicos para progressão de exercícios de rotação interna e externa do ombro no plano sagital

Variability in isometric force and moment generating capacity of glenohumeral external rotator muscles

What is the Best Clinical Test for Assessment of the Teres Minor in Massive Rotator Cuff Tears?

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